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respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what is exernal respiration?

A

transfer of gas from the atmosphere and from cells and vice versa

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2
Q

key functions of the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange
host defence
metabolism

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3
Q

what is the conducting zone?

A

left
used in moving gasses to and from atmosphere and the lungs
trachea and bronchi

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4
Q

what is the respiratory zone

A

right
where gasses are exchanged
alveoli

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5
Q

what does the conducting airways compose of?

A 
nasalcavity
mouth
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
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6
Q

featues of the conducting airway

A

warms air and filters it

mucus and cillia are used to remove particles

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7
Q

are the conducting airways rigid or flexible?

A

rigid but flexible under pressures of inhalation and exhalation
use cartilage

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8
Q

what type of epithelila cells are found in the conudcting airwarys

A

pseudostratified columar epithialium with a rigid structure

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9
Q

what other cells are found in the conducting airways and what are their functions

A

goblet cells: secrete musuc to trap particles

cilia: projections to move trapped particles
serousgland: ssecree antibacterial substance

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10
Q

what is the function of the basal layer in coductign airways

A

contains stem cells for injuru which push up new cells if needed

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11
Q

why is the nasal cavity crucial

A

humidification, warming and filtering of the air

prefered route for breathing at rest

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12
Q

what provides the surface area for the nasal cavity to do its function?

A

three conchae bones

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13
Q

what is the oropharynx?

A

provides a common path for both food and air

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14
Q

what is the larynx?

A

connects the oropharynx to the trachea and contains vocal chords to allow us to speak
directs food and air through the epiglottis

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15
Q

what does the trachea do?

A

connects the larynx to the lungs

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16
Q

shape and structure of the trachea

A

c shaped cartilage rings between smooth muscle and tisue

non collapsing but flexibe, osephague close next to it so can accommodate some change in shape

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17
Q

what does the trachea form when it branches?

A

two primary left and riht bronchi

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18
Q

what is the right bronchi like?

A

larger

splits into 3 secondary

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19
Q

what is the left bronchi like?

A

splits into two secondary and 2 lobes

also has tertiary bronchi becoming brochioles

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20
Q

difference between a bronhi and bronchioles

A

bronchi have cartilage and diffuse plates

bronchioles only have smooth musle and more collapseible

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21
Q

where does has exchange take place

A

respiraotry bronchiiles and alveolar ducts

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22
Q

what is the respiratory zone?

A

lobules of the lung, small functional unit

made of respiratory broncioles and alveolar ducts

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23
Q

what are type 1 cells i the alevoli?

A

thin sqamous epithelia

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24
Q

what are squamous epithelia

A

flatterened cells forming a barrier to diffusion
thin
make up most of the alveoli

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25
what are type 2 cells in the alveoli
small cubiodal cells | they secrete surfactant to stop collapsing
26
what are macrophages
remove small particles and bacteria in the lung base | phagocytose bacteria in the alveoli
27
what is the function of aleolar surfactant?
lowers the surface etension and stabilises the structures | coats the lining surface of the lungs
28
what is surfactant a mix of?
phospholipids | proteins
29
why are proteins and lipids key in surfactant?
stops structures collapsing anf hydrophobic and hydrophillic parts
30
where are most cilia found?
near the top larynx treachea bronchi
31
where are the most goblet cels found
near the top larynx trachea
32
where is cartilge NOT foun
alveoli respiratrory brochioles terminal bronchioles
33
where is most smooth muscle found?
terminal bronchioles | bronchioles
34
what is the pleura
encasing for the lungs creating a gas tight seal | formed of two membranes
35
what pleura contacts the throacic wall?
parietal p;eural layer
36
which pleura contacts the lungs
viceral pleura
37
what is pleural fluid?
in between the two layers and airs air movement and lubrication
38
what is a pleural effusion?
build up of this fluid
39
what do pulomary arteries do?
carry deoxygenated blood from the heart or alveoli via pulmonary circulation to be oxygenated then flows in venous system to left side of heart to supply body with oxygen
40
what is the bronchial ciruculation?
carries oxygenated blood to conducting airways and supporting tissue
41
what is ventilation?
exchange of gas | distrubution of this will depend on boy position an gravity
42
when will ventilation be at its peak?
when standing apex
43
what is dead space?
area where gas exchange cannot and doesnt take place
44
on an anatomical level what is dead space?
trachea and bronchi
45
what is perfusion?
pulmonary circulation alows gas exchage over tha aveoli and the gas to move
46
what is the pressure like in pulmonary capillaries
low
47
when standing what is the purfusion like?
capillaries at apex constricted due to pressure | at the base they are distant due to gravity
48
what is hypoxia-induced vasocontraction?
pulmonary vessels constricting at low oxygen
49
what does the combination of ventilation and perfusion cause?
three zones
50
what is zone 1 of the lung like?
well ventilated but poorly perfused
51
what is zone 2 of the lungs like?
well ventilated and well perfused
52
what is zone 3 of the lungs like?
poorly ventilated but well perfused
53
what is the air we breathe?
combined pressure of all the gases: | nitrgen, oxgen, argon, water vapour, carbon dioxide
54
what is a partial pressure?
pressure exerted by a single gas in a mixture | the percetage of a partial prssure of each gas wont change unless the mixture does
55
when do partial pressures of air change?
altitude for example
56
what is the partial pressure at sea level?
760 mm of mercury
57
what causes the partial pressure changes in atitude?
pressure percentage of oxygen the same but due to barometric change the amount of pressure the oxygen exerts has alters
58
how do gasses move?
alway from greater pressure to lower pessure
59
what are gasses like in high volume?
low pressure
60
what are gasses like at low volumes?
high pressure
61
define ventilation
movement of gases in and out of the lungs
62
what do lungs rely on to work efficiently?
the mechanical manipulation of the chest cavity to exploit the gas laws eg low pressure draws air in
63
what three factors affect ventilation
respiratory pressures compliance of inflamation airway resistance
64
what drives inspiration
active process, uses muscle such as the diaphram
65
what aids inspiration?
external interostal muscles
66
what happens during inspiration?
increased chest cavity size reduced pressure larger volume air mves in
67
what dries expiration
passive process pressure inside lungs allows air to leave muscles recoil naturally
68
what happens during expiration
the pressure inside higher than atmospphere, muscles recoil and air moved along gradient of pressue pressure decreases as air moves out
69
define intrapulmonary/ alveolar pressure
pressure inside airways and alveoli
70
define an intrapleural pressure
pressure in the pleural cavity
71
define an intrathoracic pressure
pressure in the thoracic cavity
72
define transpulmonary pressure
difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures | the positive pressure at rest so lungs stay inflated
73
how do changes in pressure relate to mechanical movement
``` decrease in intrapleural pressure expansion of the chest decreases it further increases transpulmonaryy pressue lungs expand pressure down air flows into lungs ```
74
what happens to pressure as we breathe in
transplumonary pressure increases allowing air into the lungs volume increases interpulmonary down below atomspheric
75
what happens to pressure as we breathe out
intrapleural pressure increases a bit higher decrease in volume, transpulmonary inceaes interpulmonary increases as air is expelled largely driven by changes in transpulmonary pressure
76
what is lung compliance
how easy it is to inflate the lungs | moe compliant means ore easy
77
what twofactors induce lung compliance
elasticity | surface tension
78
what makes inflation of the lungs harder?
collagen fibres | comes with age, elastic fibres are replaced with this. scar tissue
79
what might cause small alveli to collapse?
high surface tension
80
what stops small alveoli collapsing
surfactane from type 2 cells | forms a monolayer disrupting tension
81
what does lowering the tension increase?
compliance | lungs are easier to inflate
82
why are mall alveoli at risk of colapse
law says that the same surface tension in a small and large alveoli means when we breathe out the smalle one has more pessure so air goes into large ones easier and small collapses
83
what is the flow in and out of ungs related to?
inversely related to resitance | higher resistance the smaller the air flow
84
which part of the air ways has the smallest resistance
bronchioles and aveoli
85
tidal volume
air moving in and out during normal reathing
86
inspiratry reserve volume
max air taken in after tidal volume | largest
87
expiratory reserve volume
max air expelled after tidal volume
88
residua volume
air that cannot be forced out of the lung | dead space
89
vital vapacity
useable air in the lungs
90
what measures lung volumes
spirometer
91
what is FEV
forced vital capacity | full inspiration the forced maxial expiration
92
what is FEV used for?
to diagnose diease and inspect lungs | if diseased, time taken to expec vital cavpacity is reduced
93
obstrctuve dISEAE
Expiration is laboured | emphysema
94
restrictive diease
fibrosis vital capacity if reduced can only breate in a certain amount
95
minute volume
amount of air moved in and out in one minte | TV x breaths per minutes

Human physiology (21 decks)

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