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Human physiology > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what is exernal respiration?

A

transfer of gas from the atmosphere and from cells and vice versa

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2
Q

key functions of the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange
host defence
metabolism

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3
Q

what is the conducting zone?

A

left
used in moving gasses to and from atmosphere and the lungs
trachea and bronchi

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4
Q

what is the respiratory zone

A

right
where gasses are exchanged
alveoli

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5
Q

what does the conducting airways compose of?

A 
nasalcavity
mouth
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
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6
Q

featues of the conducting airway

A

warms air and filters it

mucus and cillia are used to remove particles

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7
Q

are the conducting airways rigid or flexible?

A

rigid but flexible under pressures of inhalation and exhalation
use cartilage

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8
Q

what type of epithelila cells are found in the conudcting airwarys

A

pseudostratified columar epithialium with a rigid structure

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9
Q

what other cells are found in the conducting airways and what are their functions

A

goblet cells: secrete musuc to trap particles

cilia: projections to move trapped particles
serousgland: ssecree antibacterial substance

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10
Q

what is the function of the basal layer in coductign airways

A

contains stem cells for injuru which push up new cells if needed

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11
Q

why is the nasal cavity crucial

A

humidification, warming and filtering of the air

prefered route for breathing at rest

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12
Q

what provides the surface area for the nasal cavity to do its function?

A

three conchae bones

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13
Q

what is the oropharynx?

A

provides a common path for both food and air

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14
Q

what is the larynx?

A

connects the oropharynx to the trachea and contains vocal chords to allow us to speak
directs food and air through the epiglottis

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15
Q

what does the trachea do?

A

connects the larynx to the lungs

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16
Q

shape and structure of the trachea

A

c shaped cartilage rings between smooth muscle and tisue

non collapsing but flexibe, osephague close next to it so can accommodate some change in shape

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17
Q

what does the trachea form when it branches?

A

two primary left and riht bronchi

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18
Q

what is the right bronchi like?

A

larger

splits into 3 secondary

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19
Q

what is the left bronchi like?

A

splits into two secondary and 2 lobes

also has tertiary bronchi becoming brochioles

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20
Q

difference between a bronhi and bronchioles

A

bronchi have cartilage and diffuse plates

bronchioles only have smooth musle and more collapseible

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21
Q

where does has exchange take place

A

respiraotry bronchiiles and alveolar ducts

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22
Q

what is the respiratory zone?

A

lobules of the lung, small functional unit

made of respiratory broncioles and alveolar ducts

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23
Q

what are type 1 cells i the alevoli?

A

thin sqamous epithelia

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24
Q

what are squamous epithelia

A

flatterened cells forming a barrier to diffusion
thin
make up most of the alveoli

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25
Q

what are type 2 cells in the alveoli

A

small cubiodal cells

they secrete surfactant to stop collapsing

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26
Q

what are macrophages

A

remove small particles and bacteria in the lung base

phagocytose bacteria in the alveoli

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27
Q

what is the function of aleolar surfactant?

A

lowers the surface etension and stabilises the structures

coats the lining surface of the lungs

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28
Q

what is surfactant a mix of?

A

phospholipids

proteins

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29
Q

why are proteins and lipids key in surfactant?

A

stops structures collapsing anf hydrophobic and hydrophillic parts

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30
Q

where are most cilia found?

A

near the top
larynx
treachea
bronchi

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31
Q

where are the most goblet cels found

A

near the top
larynx
trachea

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32
Q

where is cartilge NOT foun

A

alveoli
respiratrory brochioles
terminal bronchioles

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33
Q

where is most smooth muscle found?

A

terminal bronchioles

bronchioles

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34
Q

what is the pleura

A

encasing for the lungs creating a gas tight seal

formed of two membranes

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35
Q

what pleura contacts the throacic wall?

A

parietal p;eural layer

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36
Q

which pleura contacts the lungs

A

viceral pleura

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37
Q

what is pleural fluid?

A

in between the two layers and airs air movement and lubrication

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38
Q

what is a pleural effusion?

A

build up of this fluid

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39
Q

what do pulomary arteries do?

A

carry deoxygenated blood from the heart or alveoli via pulmonary circulation to be oxygenated
then flows in venous system to left side of heart to supply body with oxygen

40
Q

what is the bronchial ciruculation?

A

carries oxygenated blood to conducting airways and supporting tissue

41
Q

what is ventilation?

A

exchange of gas

distrubution of this will depend on boy position an gravity

42
Q

when will ventilation be at its peak?

A

when standing apex

43
Q

what is dead space?

A

area where gas exchange cannot and doesnt take place

44
Q

on an anatomical level what is dead space?

A

trachea and bronchi

45
Q

what is perfusion?

A

pulmonary circulation alows gas exchage over tha aveoli and the gas to move

46
Q

what is the pressure like in pulmonary capillaries

A

low

47
Q

when standing what is the purfusion like?

A

capillaries at apex constricted due to pressure

at the base they are distant due to gravity

48
Q

what is hypoxia-induced vasocontraction?

A

pulmonary vessels constricting at low oxygen

49
Q

what does the combination of ventilation and perfusion cause?

A

three zones

50
Q

what is zone 1 of the lung like?

A

well ventilated but poorly perfused

51
Q

what is zone 2 of the lungs like?

A

well ventilated and well perfused

52
Q

what is zone 3 of the lungs like?

A

poorly ventilated but well perfused

53
Q

what is the air we breathe?

A

combined pressure of all the gases:

nitrgen, oxgen, argon, water vapour, carbon dioxide

54
Q

what is a partial pressure?

A

pressure exerted by a single gas in a mixture

the percetage of a partial prssure of each gas wont change unless the mixture does

55
Q

when do partial pressures of air change?

A

altitude for example

56
Q

what is the partial pressure at sea level?

A

760 mm of mercury

57
Q

what causes the partial pressure changes in atitude?

A

pressure percentage of oxygen the same but due to barometric change the amount of pressure the oxygen exerts has alters

58
Q

how do gasses move?

A

alway from greater pressure to lower pessure

59
Q

what are gasses like in high volume?

A

low pressure

60
Q

what are gasses like at low volumes?

A

high pressure

61
Q

define ventilation

A

movement of gases in and out of the lungs

62
Q

what do lungs rely on to work efficiently?

A

the mechanical manipulation of the chest cavity to exploit the gas laws
eg low pressure draws air in

63
Q

what three factors affect ventilation

A

respiratory pressures
compliance of inflamation
airway resistance

64
Q

what drives inspiration

A

active process, uses muscle such as the diaphram

65
Q

what aids inspiration?

A

external interostal muscles

66
Q

what happens during inspiration?

A

increased chest cavity size
reduced pressure
larger volume
air mves in

67
Q

what dries expiration

A

passive process
pressure inside lungs allows air to leave
muscles recoil naturally

68
Q

what happens during expiration

A

the pressure inside higher than atmospphere, muscles recoil and air moved along gradient of pressue
pressure decreases as air moves out

69
Q

define intrapulmonary/ alveolar pressure

A

pressure inside airways and alveoli

70
Q

define an intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in the pleural cavity

71
Q

define an intrathoracic pressure

A

pressure in the thoracic cavity

72
Q

define transpulmonary pressure

A

difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures

the positive pressure at rest so lungs stay inflated

73
Q

how do changes in pressure relate to mechanical movement

A 
decrease in intrapleural pressure 
expansion of the chest decreases it further
increases transpulmonaryy pressue
lungs expand
pressure down
air flows into lungs
74
Q

what happens to pressure as we breathe in

A

transplumonary pressure increases allowing air into the lungs
volume increases
interpulmonary down below atomspheric

75
Q

what happens to pressure as we breathe out

A

intrapleural pressure increases a bit higher
decrease in volume, transpulmonary inceaes
interpulmonary increases as air is expelled

largely driven by changes in transpulmonary pressure

76
Q

what is lung compliance

A

how easy it is to inflate the lungs

moe compliant means ore easy

77
Q

what twofactors induce lung compliance

A

elasticity

surface tension

78
Q

what makes inflation of the lungs harder?

A

collagen fibres

comes with age, elastic fibres are replaced with this. scar tissue

79
Q

what might cause small alveli to collapse?

A

high surface tension

80
Q

what stops small alveoli collapsing

A

surfactane from type 2 cells

forms a monolayer disrupting tension

81
Q

what does lowering the tension increase?

A

compliance

lungs are easier to inflate

82
Q

why are mall alveoli at risk of colapse

A

law says that the same surface tension in a small and large alveoli means when we breathe out the smalle one has more pessure so air goes into large ones easier and small collapses

83
Q

what is the flow in and out of ungs related to?

A

inversely related to resitance

higher resistance the smaller the air flow

84
Q

which part of the air ways has the smallest resistance

A

bronchioles and aveoli

85
Q

tidal volume

A

air moving in and out during normal reathing

86
Q

inspiratry reserve volume

A

max air taken in after tidal volume

largest

87
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

max air expelled after tidal volume

88
Q

residua volume

A

air that cannot be forced out of the lung

dead space

89
Q

vital vapacity

A

useable air in the lungs

90
Q

what measures lung volumes

A

spirometer

91
Q

what is FEV

A

forced vital capacity

full inspiration the forced maxial expiration

92
Q

what is FEV used for?

A

to diagnose diease and inspect lungs

if diseased, time taken to expec vital cavpacity is reduced

93
Q

obstrctuve dISEAE

A

Expiration is laboured

emphysema

94
Q

restrictive diease

A

fibrosis
vital capacity if reduced
can only breate in a certain amount

95
Q

minute volume

A

amount of air moved in and out in one minte

TV x breaths per minutes

Human physiology (21 decks)

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