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Human physiology > bone > Flashcards

bone Flashcards

1
Q

what is the axial skeleton?

A

skeletal system

skull, spine, ribs, ears, kneck, breast

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2
Q

what are the appendicular bones

A

limb bones

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3
Q

examples of short bones

A

wrists
ankles
carpels
tarsels

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4
Q

exmaples of flat bones

A

skill
ribcage
scapular
pelvis

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5
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

verebrate
jaw
heel

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6
Q

examlples of sesmiud bones

A

patella knee cap
under big tow
thumb

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7
Q

how does the bone function for protections

A

axial skeleton surronds and protects much of the soft viscera
hert and lungs by ribcage
pelvis protects bladder

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8
Q

how does bone function as a framwork?

A

everything hangs off it using gravity

muscles, vicera, tissues al suspended from bones

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9
Q

how do bones help with movement

A

appendicular skeleton enables movement for survival

contractile muscle attaches via tendons to move the rigid bones round a pivit

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10
Q

what are joints

A

ligaments holding together two bones

muscles and tendons allow movement of the joint

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11
Q

what is a fibrous joint?

A

dont move anymore
bones that have since birth fused together
eg skull and base of shin bones

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12
Q

what is cartinaginout joitn

A

semi-moveable

joints at birth but later on fise they are secondary

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13
Q

what is a sinovial joint

A

freely moveable
hyaline cartilage
hinge, elbow, ball/socket saddle etc

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14
Q

examples of types of sinovial joints

A 
hinge
ball/socket
pivot
saddle
conydoid
sliding and gliding
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15
Q

how does bone act as a store

A

extracellular Ca is kept here

it can be put in the bones or taken back out when needed

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16
Q

what does calcitonin do?

A

takes calcium out of the blood into bones

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17
Q

what does the parathryoid hormone do

A

puts calcum into the blood

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18
Q

wher does calcitonin come from?

A

secreted by thyroid gland

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19
Q

where does the parathyroid hormone come from?

A

thyroid glad by back of neck

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20
Q

what does vitamin D do

A

moves calcum into the blood

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21
Q

what does calcitonin act on

A

osteoblasts to build bone by synthesising collagen and inorgaic consitidents

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22
Q

what does parathyriod hormone act on

A

osteoclasts to digest protein in lysosmones and to secrete acid to disolve the minerals
relasing Ca

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23
Q

how does vit D increase ca in the blood

A

acts on the gut to increase abription of Ca

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24
Q

if calcium levels drop what happens

A 
thyriod gland activated
parahyroid hormone
actvates osteoclasts
bone digested
calcium released into the blood
levels normalise
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25
if calcium levels are too high what happens
``` thyroid gland activated calcitonin osteobalsts activated calcium is deposite in bone and built up levels normalise lower ```
26
what is the epiphysis
either end of long bones knobbly bits on the ends spongy bone red marrow foud here
27
what is the diaphysis
shaft of the long bone compact bone yellow marrow
28
what is the mathaphysis
both the epiphysis and diaphysis meet here | epiphyseal plateq
29
what is the periosteum
covering of the bone | not found in joints though
30
where does the bone get a blood suply
1 artery comes into diaphysis 2 into each epiphyseal branches off from here
31
main properties of bone:
hard but lightweight flexible but rigid adaptive storage and remodelling
32
how is bone hard but light
compact cortical bone with a hard outer shel makes up most of the mass also has spongy cancellous bone on the inside
33
what is compact bone like
called lamella bone | has rings called osteons
34
what are osteons?
concentric layers of lamellae surrnding a central haversian canal
35
where are the blood vessels in compact bone
in the hollow central haversian cancl
36
what are lacunae
cavities between the lameala where osteocytes sit
37
what is spongy bone like?
howwlow network of trabeculae contains red marrow large surface area for mineral exchange
38
what makes bone flexible but rigid
largely connective tissue | more inorganic matter but some organic which ismroe flexible
39
whats the role of collagen in bone
fibrous proteins | fibres extend the bones lines for foce and more bone is lai along this
40
what is ground substance
amorphou gelantinous: | pretoglycans, GAGs, fluid
41
how does ground substance withstand forces
attracts ctions sucks in water wtistands compressive forces
42
what makes bones rigid
deposition of salts and minerals calcium and phosphates hydroxyappatite
43
what sibstances make up boesn rididity
calcium andphosphate inroganic csalts deposited in the organic matrix small amonts of calcium carbonte and calcium fluride can also take up lead and other metals sometimes
44
what is a tensile force
pulling and stretchnig
45
what is a torsional force
rotation
46
which force is bone better at dealing with
compression than tension
47
what are the stages of biochemiacs of bone
initial elastic phase plastic phase permanent shape
48
what happens in the initial elastic stage and plastic stages?
focce is applied to bone and its able to go back to its original shape after a while though it wont go back to this shape and is in the plastic stage
49
bone features
strong doesnt chang shape breaks easily though
50
biochemianics of spongy bone
little bit of stresses ad it esily changes chape its weaker but takes a wbile to break more pilable
51
what makes bones flexible while also ridig
the mix of compact and spongy bone | they have different biochemiancs
52
what explains how bones are adpatable?
Wolffs law | bones will change shape and structure according to the stresses placed on the
53
what part of bones has high compressive strength
non-organic hydroyappative and water
54
what part of bones has a weak tensile strength
organic collagen fibres
55
what do oseoclasts do?
resorb/disolve the bone | sit on the bone and secrete enzymes to digest collagen and HCL for salts
56
what is in the osteoblast family?
osteobasts osteocytes osteopregenitor cells
57
what doe osteoblasts do
build bone
58
what do osteocytes do
mature osteoblasts that help maintain bone
59
what is an osteoprogenitr cells
lining cells that ocver the surface of the bone and cna become osteoclasts
60
how are osteoclasts formed
immature monocytes become pre-steoclast signals form bone cells tells it to become an osteoclast goes its job
61
where is the osteblast family derrived from
messenchyme embryonic cell that becomes connective tissue bone marrow precursor
62
what do bones grow along?
cartilaginous templates for long bones | membranous template for flat bones
63
what is primary ossification
starts during foeatal development cartilage is replaced with bone at birth secondary ossification centres form that do not officy
64
in long bones hwat is the process of ossificaion called?
endochondral ossification
65
what is endorchonral ossification
cartinage template and bone laid dont over this | long oones speicifically
66
describe teh steps of catilage to bone in ossification
1. bone collage formed around diaphysis by osteoblasts ]2. cartilage in primary centres calcifies and cavitied form in calsification 3. periosteal bud enters cavity and builds spongy bone 4. secondaryr ossification centre forms epiphysis. osteoclasts disolve sony bone creating medullary cavity 5. hyaline remains on epiphysel surface to form plaates spongy bone remains in the centre
67
where do long bones grow
at the epiphyseal plates
68
what makes cartilage
chrondroytes
69
what causees long bones to lengthen
catilage is made and pushes the bone further apart at the plates
70
what happpens to bones in adulthood?
coup;ed process of bone destruction and bone deposition controlled by diet and hormones prevents mineral crystalisation
71
when is out max bone density
30 years
72
what happens to bones as we age
reduced bone formation that cannot keep up with bone resoption leading to bone loss
73
what does osteoprosis lead to
poor posture, breathing/walking moility issues with hips wrist issues
74
how can you improve bone density
weight breaking exercises diet sunligh
75
what kind of diet can imporove bone density
right in clcium vitD, vit C, vit A

Human physiology (21 decks)

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