blood and blood grouping Flashcards
how much blood does a human have?
5L
what is the haematocrit?
RCB
WBC
platelets
functions of blood
transport respiration protection from infection repair of tissue thermoregulation
what does plasma contain?
ions proteins fibrinogen antibodies dissolved substances
what are the cellular elements of blood?
RBC
WBC
platelets
what is haematopoiesis
formation of blood
occurs in bone marrow
what is red marrow
marrow in flat bones
produces most blood cells
what is yellow marrow
marrow in long bones
makes some white blood cells
whats a megakaryocyte?
big cells that produce platelets
break litte bits off into the blood and these are the platelets
what is in the stroma of the bone marrow?
macrophages fibroblasts adipocytes epithelial cells bone cells too
what in the lineage of a typical blood cell?
first is a multipotent stem cell
divides in two, one self renenwing and replaces itself
other becomes one of two new cells: myeloid or lymphoid
what is the myeloid lineage
platelets
RBC
granular sites
monocytes
what is the lymphoid lineage
T cells, B cells
WBC
lymphocytes
what can the process of platelet formation be called?
megakaryocyte meiosis
thrombocytopioesis
how is a platelet formed?
megakayo blast starts, blast cell is imature
matures into megekaryocyethen sits on edge and released small fragments
process of erthyropoiesis
begin with blast cell and this matures
kicks out the nucleus in process
red blood cel then matures and is made
what is a dendritic cell?
supporting cells
should blast cells be seen in normal healthy blood?
no, they are immature and only to be found in marrow
what are RBC
biconcave discs
anucleate
no mitochondrai
long life span
haemoaglobin structure
4 polypeptide chains with a cofactor haem group with iron atom at centre
each iron attaches one molecule of oxygen
what is the passage of oxyge
alveoli plasma RBCs plasma interstitial fluid cells
describe the transport of carbon dioxide
- enters the RBC
- reacts with water
- produces carbonic acid
- acid dissocated to make bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
- cant have loose H+. alters pH
- hydrogen binds to haemoaglobin
- bicarbonate leaves RBC to travel back to lungs
- when at the lungs, reenters RBC
- reforms carbonic acid
- acid didsociates into water and CO2
- breathed out
what is anaemia
reduced haemoglobin concentration in blood
what are causes of anaemia
poor diet
chronic blood loss
malabsorption of iron
pregnancy
name the types of WBC/leukocytes
lymphocyte
neutrophil
basophil
monocyte
name types of phagocytes
granulocytes
monocytes
the structure of a neurophil
multilobed nucleus
neutral staining granules
what are neutrophils used for?
protection from bacterial infections
phagocytosis of bacteria
structure of a eosinophil
bilobed nucleus
pink large granules
what is the job os an eosinophil??
immune protection and allegic reactions
attacks parasites
phagocytosis of antibody coated pathogens
structure of a basophil
smaller
bilobed nucleus
purple granules
low count
what are basophils needed for?
inflammation and release of histamines
where are monocytes found?
can be in the blood but also in tissues
when in tissues called a macrophage
structure of a monocyte
kidney shaped nucleus
what are monocytes used for
vital role in protection from infections
ingest bacteria, dead cells and cellular debris
phagocytosis
structure of a lymphocyte
big nucleus filling most of the cytoplasm
why are lymphocytes important
they can remeber infections
have two types, T and B cells
what do T cells do?
kill infected cell directly