blood and blood grouping Flashcards
1
Q
how much blood does a human have?
A
5L
2
Q
what is the haematocrit?
A
RCB
WBC
platelets
3
Q
functions of blood
A
transport respiration protection from infection repair of tissue thermoregulation
4
Q
what does plasma contain?
A
ions proteins fibrinogen antibodies dissolved substances
5
Q
what are the cellular elements of blood?
A
RBC
WBC
platelets
6
Q
what is haematopoiesis
A
formation of blood
occurs in bone marrow
7
Q
what is red marrow
A
marrow in flat bones
produces most blood cells
8
Q
what is yellow marrow
A
marrow in long bones
makes some white blood cells
9
Q
whats a megakaryocyte?
A
big cells that produce platelets
break litte bits off into the blood and these are the platelets
10
Q
what is in the stroma of the bone marrow?
A
macrophages fibroblasts adipocytes epithelial cells bone cells too
11
Q
what in the lineage of a typical blood cell?
A
first is a multipotent stem cell
divides in two, one self renenwing and replaces itself
other becomes one of two new cells: myeloid or lymphoid
12
Q
what is the myeloid lineage
A
platelets
RBC
granular sites
monocytes
13
Q
what is the lymphoid lineage
A
T cells, B cells
WBC
lymphocytes
14
Q
what can the process of platelet formation be called?
A
megakaryocyte meiosis
thrombocytopioesis
15
Q
how is a platelet formed?
A
megakayo blast starts, blast cell is imature
matures into megekaryocyethen sits on edge and released small fragments
16
Q
process of erthyropoiesis
A
begin with blast cell and this matures
kicks out the nucleus in process
red blood cel then matures and is made
17
Q
what is a dendritic cell?
A
supporting cells
18
Q
should blast cells be seen in normal healthy blood?
A
no, they are immature and only to be found in marrow
19
Q
what are RBC
A
biconcave discs
anucleate
no mitochondrai
long life span
20
Q
haemoaglobin structure
A
4 polypeptide chains with a cofactor haem group with iron atom at centre
each iron attaches one molecule of oxygen
21
Q
what is the passage of oxyge
A
alveoli plasma RBCs plasma interstitial fluid cells
22
Q
describe the transport of carbon dioxide
A
- enters the RBC
- reacts with water
- produces carbonic acid
- acid dissocated to make bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
- cant have loose H+. alters pH
- hydrogen binds to haemoaglobin
- bicarbonate leaves RBC to travel back to lungs
- when at the lungs, reenters RBC
- reforms carbonic acid
- acid didsociates into water and CO2
- breathed out
23
Q
what is anaemia
A
reduced haemoglobin concentration in blood
24
Q
what are causes of anaemia
A
poor diet
chronic blood loss
malabsorption of iron
pregnancy
25
name the types of WBC/leukocytes
lymphocyte
neutrophil
basophil
monocyte
26
name types of phagocytes
granulocytes
| monocytes
27
the structure of a neurophil
multilobed nucleus
| neutral staining granules
28
what are neutrophils used for?
protection from bacterial infections
| phagocytosis of bacteria
29
structure of a eosinophil
bilobed nucleus
| pink large granules
30
what is the job os an eosinophil??
immune protection and allegic reactions
attacks parasites
phagocytosis of antibody coated pathogens
31
structure of a basophil
smaller
bilobed nucleus
purple granules
low count
32
what are basophils needed for?
inflammation and release of histamines
33
where are monocytes found?
can be in the blood but also in tissues
| when in tissues called a macrophage
34
structure of a monocyte
kidney shaped nucleus
35
what are monocytes used for
vital role in protection from infections
ingest bacteria, dead cells and cellular debris
phagocytosis
36
structure of a lymphocyte
big nucleus filling most of the cytoplasm
37
why are lymphocytes important
they can remeber infections
| have two types, T and B cells
38
what do T cells do?
kill infected cell directly
39
what do B cells do?
produce antibodies to kill the cels
40
what is leukaemia
uncontrolled growth of one typ of white blodo cells in the bone marrow
41
what does leukaemia cause?
```
raise count of one type of WBC and low counts of al the rest
not enough space for the others to grow
- anaemia
- thromobocytopenia
- leukopenia
```
42
what is thrmobocyopenia?
low platelet count
43
what is leukopenia
reduced WBC count
44
what are the 4 classes od leukaemia
- acute myeloid
- chronic myeloid
- acute lymphoblastic
- chronic lymphiod
45
whats the difference between acute and chronic leukamieas
acute is imature cells
| chronic is mature ones
46
what actually is a platelet
small anucleate fragments of large precursor cells called megakaryocytes
47
what is the main pathology of platelets
thrombosis
48
what is thrombosis?
inappropriate activation of platelets leading to clots where they arent needed or wate
49
what is the most common cause of a thrombosis
athersclorisis breaking through the endothelial lining leaving a rough edge and activating the platelets
50
where are RBC destroyed?
spleen
51
what is the spleens function
large filtre
| removes dead cells or damaged/old ones
52
how long can RBCs be stored for?
a month
53
what are the biggest uses of blood donations?
maternity care
injury
surgeries
54
what are risk factors for blood donation
malaria areas
jaundice
HIV
hepatitus
55
what do all RBCs have on their surface?
glycolipids
proteins
glycoproteins
56
what are the roles of things on the RBCs surface?
channels
receptors
identification
immune system uses
57
what does it mean to be A group?
A antigen on surface of RBC
58
what does it mean to be B group
B antigen on surface
59
what does it mean to be AB group?
both A and B antigens on surface
60
what does it mean to be group O?
neither A or B antigens on surface but a sticky bit on on the surface which is the stalk of the proteins
61
what is an antigen
sugar chains that stick to the lipids by ceramide
62
what is the H anitgen?
found in group O's
63
what are the antigens like on group A's
same sugar but branch of galnac and same H antigen
64
what are the antigens like on grgoup B's
same stalk but branch now is galactose
65
galactose on the end of the sugar chain of the antibodiy means you are which group?
groupB
| A antigen
66
galnac on the end of the sugar chain antibody means you are which group?
A group
| A antigen
67
how are A or B antigens made?
the DNA encodes enzymes which stick togethr the sugarts, the gene doesnt encode fo the AB orO but for the enzymes that make it
68
what is an antibody?
proteins that recognise foreign molecules in the body
69
what is IgG?
small antibody
70
what is IgM
large antibody made up of 5 smaller IgG in a ring
71
what categorises group A
anti-B in plasma
| A antigen on surface of RBC
72
what categorises group B
anti-A in plasma
| B antigen on RBC surface
73
what categroises group O
no antibodies present
| A and B antigens on RBC surface
74
what categorises group O
antibodies for A and B in plasma
| no antigens on RBC's
75
what is rhesus group?
a transmembrane protein on the surface of RBC
| there are a variety of rhesus atigens
76
what is the most common rhesus antigen
rhD
77
why are most people rhesus positive?
its autosomal recessive
78
what do the symbols next to rehsus mean?
+ means they do have rhesus
| - means they dont
79
rhesus antibodies are of what type
IgG
only get them if exposed to rhesus
they are not expected t be seen in someones blood
80
how can you get rhesus antiodies?
beign exposed to someones blood who does hvae them
81
what is natural immunity?
IgM antibodies are produced wthout prior exposure to the ABO antigen
82
what is adaptive immunity?
IgG antibdies are produced upon exposure to the other RBC
83
what is an acute reaction?
a reaction cause by an ABO missmatch
84
what happens during an ABO missmatch?
blood has to bring antigens so the blood with stick it together and clump
aggluntination
it will them punch holes in the membrane in completment
85
why is an ABO missmatc bad?
blood agglutinates
blood cells have holes punched in the membrane
this released the haemoaglbin
the bilirubin is broken down and this is toxic
86
what is the case of a delayed reaction?
non-ABO mistake so maybe rhesus
87
when does a delayed reaction typically occur
repreat transfusion of ABO matched blood which is imcompatible for other group antigens such as rhesus, Kidd, Kell, Duffy
88
what happens during a delayed reaction?
IgG antibodies are activated but no complement this time
| not as aggressive as actue and the patient can survive
89
how are bood groups tested for
blood is taken and antigens added to see if it clumps
| clumping signals the groups its grom
90
what testing for group A what happens when you add each antigen?
add anti-A and the blood remains the same
add anti- B and the blood clumps
this signals the blood is group A
91
how does the plate method work for blood group testing
antibodies are present in wells
blood is added to each well
the reaction of the blood in each well determins the grouping
92
what is the universal donor?
O group
93
how can you cross match safely?
double check
mis the bloodcells from the donation and plasma of the patient
if there is any clumpin it wont be safe
94
why does haemalyic disease of thenewborn?
the mother produced antibodies which attack the babies RBC in utero
the RhD antigen is the most common
95
what doess during the diease/how does it happen?
at birth or with trauma some RBCs might cross the placeta from the foetus to the mother
the mother then raises immune response releasing antibodies on the foetal RBCs
96
why is haemalyitic diease of the newborn dangerous?
in subsequent pregancies teh anti0Rh antigodies can cross of placenta and destroy foetal RBCs
97
how is haemoaylic disease of the newborn combatted?
anti-D antibody infected into mother after birth of first child
neutralises the antibpdies and they arent made any more
second child is safe
