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nervous system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

another name for parasympatetic nervous system

A

cranial-sacral

synapse at ganglia close to innervated tissues

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2
Q

another name for sympatetic nervous system

A

thoracic-lumbar output
synapse at ganglia either side of veterbral collum
distal to innervated tissue

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3
Q

what is the enteric nervous system

A

neurones with cell bodies in the wall of teh intestine with innervates the GI tract, pancreas and gall ballder

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4
Q

examples of symapttic innervation

A

eye, saliva, heart, lungs, liver, GI tract, bladder, genitalia, blood vessels, sweat

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5
Q

examples of parasympatetic innervation

A

eye, saliva, heart, lungs, GI trct, bladder

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6
Q

what is the ANS

A

visceral, involuntary motor system

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7
Q

main process of theANS

A

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle contraction and relaxation
exocrine gland function
intermediate metabolism

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8
Q

wht characterises the ANS

A

2 neurones outside the CNS
preganglionic
postganglionic

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9
Q

what are proganglionic

A

fibres arising from the CNS synapse

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10
Q

what is postganglionic

A

nerve fibres in the ganglia, terminate at the effector

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11
Q

where is acetylcholine relased from

A

preganglionic
postganglionic
= cholinergic transmission

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12
Q

where is Noradrealine relased from

A

postganglionic

=adrenaerigc transmission

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13
Q

features of tsympatetic receptors

A

use noreadreanaline

postganglionic fibres release it to act on adrenoreceptors

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14
Q

features of parsympatetic rectprors

A

acetylcholice action
post ganglionic fibres
act on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

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15
Q

features of the somatic nervous system

A

acetylcholine action

motor nerves release Ach to act on nitotonicn Ach receptors

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16
Q

what is the enteric nervous system

A

controls the GI tract and digestions

pancreas and gall bladder

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17
Q

2 neurral networks associated with the enteric nervous system

A

myenteric plexus

submucosal plexus

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18
Q

how does the enteric nervous system work

A

can work alone but activity is regulated by the PNS

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19
Q

what does the sympatetic system do to the body

A

increased rate and strength of heart beats

diversion of blood to muscles, sweat and sin

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20
Q

what does the parasympatetic system do to the body

A

reduced cardiac rate to resting, conserves energy, reduced basal metabolic rate

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21
Q

major functions of the physioligical motor systems

A

maintence of posture

goal directed movement

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22
Q

how is spina control used?

A 
unconscous
hardwired
fast
survival orientated
functions to maintain posture
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23
Q

what is central control

A

several brai regions used
spinal motor neurones
goal directed movment

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24
Q

what maintains posture

A

spinal contol

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25
what maintains goal directed movement
central control
26
characteristics of spinal control movement
``` unconscous few synapses so fast survival function inheritied CNS ```
27
whats a simple spinal reflex
basic levels of motor control fast hardwired preotective
28
what are the main two neurones of reflex arcs
afferent/sensory | efferent/motor
29
name three types of reflex
monosynaptic disynaptic polysynaptic
30
what is a monosynaptic reflex
2 neurones 1 synapse stretch reflex
31
what is a disynaptic reflex
1 interneurone 2 synapses flexor withdrawal reflex
32
what is a polysnaptic reflex
more than one interneurone more than 2 syanpses cross extensory reflexor and golgi tendon reflex
33
describe the stretch reflex
transiesnt stretching of muscle producing a powerful, rapid reflex contraction opposes sudden change in muscle length eg, knee jerk
34
what is a tonic or static stretch reflex
maintained stretching producing prolonged reponse | keeps muscle tone
35
what is the knee jerk
tap the patella tendon causes a transient muscle contraction called a dynamic stretch reflex triggers firing of motor nuerones to cause extensor action of muscle
36
what is the flexor withdrawal reflex
stimul detected by receptor such as pannociceptor | flexor muscles of affected area signalled to contract vie disynaptic pathway
37
define recpirocal inhibition
corresponding relaxation of extensor is required in the flexor withdrawal this is signalled by inhibitory interneurones
38
what is the crossed extensor reflex
same concept as the flexor: timul detected by receptor such as pannociceptor flexor muscles of affected area signalled to contract but now uses both sudes of the body using contralateral movement
39
what is conlaterla movment
consequence of the flexor reflex in a limb, the opposite, collateral limb exends this is a polysynaptic response
40
whats the point of crossed extensor reflex
allows the body to escape noxious stimuli
41
what does the golig tendon do
the golgi tendon organ signals for the refex | it can detect changes in muscle tension
42
how does the golgi tendon reflex work?
cause small cahnges in muscles in resonse to backgroun stimulation sigals via afferent nerves to the ventral horn to the brain causes feedbakc inhibition of same muscle and reciprocal contraction of antagonist muscle
43
what does the goli tendon reflex help with
polysnaptic response helps maintain posture
44
where do motor neurone dendrites get information grom
proproioceptors recurrent collatarls descending fibres from the brain
45
what is propioception
perception of self | know ehere your bdy is in reation t the suroondings
46
two way processes of proprioception
proprioceptors: - muscle spindles - golgi tendon organs
47
what doe muscle spindles respons to
stretch in musces
48
what do golgi tendon organs repond to
tension within tendons
49
how is skeletal muscle innervated?
fibres each recieve a single excitatory motor nuerone forming a NJM
50
how is smooth muscle innervated
contraction is moygenic, no neuronal input intrinsic contractions can sometimes use the ANS
51
how is cardiac muscle innervated?
myogenic | different parts of the heart have frequencies and contraction
52
where do motor neurones come form
ventral route
53
explain neuromuscular blockerse
paralysing poisons such as curare act to block NAchRs botox
54
what is myasthenial gravis
muscle weakness associated with lack of nicotininc Ach recpetors anutoimmune dieasse
55
does one muscle fibre typically recieve input from many motor neurones?
NO
56
what are the threee regions of motor systems/motor cortex?
primary premotor supplementary
57
what causes moroe movement
electrical stimulate of motor coretx areas causes movement of specific muscles mapped by the motor homonculus
58
what is the motor homunculus?
map electrodes on parts of brain to see the different functions mapped what each part does
59
what is most of the cortext devloped to for mvoement
fingers and larynx mvoement fine control refined/complex movements have larger representations on the model
60
what rays information within the brain to corrdination movement?
internal nuclei
61
whree does input to the motor cortext come from
thalamus sensory input cerebellum basa ganglia
62
where does utputs from the barin occur, motor cortext
descending motor control pathways linking nuclei and brain regions to levels of the spine
63
levels of the spine linked to the motor cortex
a. corticosinal/pyrmidial b. vestibulospinal, extraprymidial c. reticulospinal
64
what is the cortiospinal tract
links the motor cortext with inerneurones.motor neurones in spinal cord
65
what is the vestibularpspinal tract
links midbrain largely to interneurones to spine
66
what is the reticuospinal tract
links brainstem to internrueones in the spinal cord
67
role of the cerbellum
coordinates the mtor activty
68
hoq does thecerebellum work
recieves copy of the motor output from the motro cortex and a copy of the sensory infromation from periphery sends out correction sinal to motor activity corrected
69
what are the cerebellar nuecli
fastigial nucleu interposed nuceli dendate nucei
70
what does the fastigial nucelus do
controls balance and posture
71
role of the interposed nuclei
controls posture and gait
72
role of the dendate nucleus
controls skilled movements
73
how do the cerebellum nuclei work?
recieve inhibitory input from purkije cells and ecitatory inputs from the brain and periphery
74
what is the basal ganglia
five large sbcortical nuceli which link the frontal libes with the mtoro cotext via the thalamusforming a feedback loop role is to control motor activity
75
what is parkinsons?
slowness of movement, tremmors at rest | leisons of dopamine pathway of substantia nigra
76
what is huntingtons disease
leisons in the utamend, basalgangia
77
what causes hemiballisum
associated with flaiing limbs | leisons on the subthalamud
78
what inputs the thalamus?
basal ganglia and cerbelum
79
what does sensory input affect?
``` basal ganglia thalamus mtor corex brainstem spinal neurones motor neureos ```
80
steps of sensory inout to th thalamus
``` thalamus motor cortex brain stem spinal neurones motor neurones NMJ ```

Human physiology (21 decks)

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