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gastrointestinal tract Flashcards

1
Q

how are carbohydrates dealt with?

A

broken first down by enzymes
amylase in saliva
then further down into simpler foms such as disaccharides

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2
Q

maltose is broken down by…

A

maltase

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3
Q

sucrose broken down by…

A

sucrose

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4
Q

how are proteins broken down?

A

peptidase

into amino acids

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5
Q

how are lipids broken down

A

lipase

fatty acids removed from glycerol back bone

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6
Q

how is food energy measured?

A

how much every can be derived from it

calories

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7
Q

what is BMI

A

weight relative to height

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8
Q

what should BMI be coupled with to make it more representative

A

skin fold measurements
upper arm circumference
ketones in urine
nitrogen balance

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9
Q

high BMI =

A

higher risk of comorbidity

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10
Q

steps of the digestive process

A 
ingestion
propulson
mechanical and chemical igestion
apsorption
defecation
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11
Q

what is propulsion

A

swallowing, oesphagus, peristalsis

pushing of food through the tract

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12
Q

histological features of the digestive tract

A 
outside to in
serosa
muscularis exerna
submucosa
mucosal layer
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13
Q

what is the serosa

A

connective tissue and epithelial layer
cntinuous with outer
forms visceral layer

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14
Q

what is the muscularis externa

A

longitudinal muscle outer
circular muscle inner
sandwiched between the muscles is the nerves/plexus

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15
Q

what is the mucosal layer

A

layer of epithelial celss that protect the gut from abrastion

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16
Q

features of the mucosal layer

A

gastric gland here secretes enzyemes
enteroendocrine cells release hormomes
absrbs material into capillaries

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17
Q

what is the lamina propria

A

part of the mucosa
connective tissue
contains: capillaries, lymph vesles, lymphoid folicles

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18
Q

features of the submucosa

A

contains blood and lymph vessels

deep within is the sensory neurones: plezus

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19
Q

features of the muscularis exerna

A

smooth muslce is longlitudinal
circular muscle inside
can produce waves of contraction
myenteric plexus found here

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20
Q

what forms the ENS

A

network of neurones connected t the submucosal plexus

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21
Q

what two tyes of contraction can the muscularis externa help with

A

peristalsis or segmentation

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22
Q

what is the function of the mouth

A

reduced food sie
prepares it for swallowing
starting point for chemical breakdown

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23
Q

what is the tongue

A

skeletal muscle
upper surface is keratinised stratified squamous epthelium
bottom is non-keratinised mucus membrane

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24
Q

what is saliva pH

A

pH7
hypotonic
mainly water

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25
what are the three salivary glands
paratoid submanidubular sublingual
26
what is the paratoid salivary gland
serous cells mainly watery contains enzymes, electrolytes and mucin
27
what are the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
serous and mucosal cells | thicker saliva
28
functions of saliva
``` protection temp control acid neutralisation defence taste lubrication digestion enzymes ```
29
function of the osephagus
moves bolus to to stomach | delivery shute
30
features of osephagus
secretes mucus strited muscle at top for voluntary functions smooth at bottom for involuntary
31
what is peristalsis
propulsion of food along the tract | circular and longitudinal muscles have waves of contraction and relaxation moving the bolus
32
function of the stomach
strores the food digests it chemically digests it physically using grinding
33
what are rugae
foldings on the inner lining of the stomach | allow it to expand
34
anatomy of the stomach, name the parts
cardia fundus bod pyloric region
35
which parts of the stomach expand?
fundus and body
36
what is the function of the pyloric region
chruning and empying flood | strong contractions needed here and thick mucles
37
describe the passage of food in the stomach
``` food in and stored mixed with water mucus and gastric secretory products grinding food into pylorus passes to duodenum ```
38
what affects the rate of stomach emptying
volume of food in stomach and its contents | more food means stronger contractions
39
what slows down digestion
but fat and acidic foods result it less stronger cntractions as these need longer to be digested and neutralised
40
what are gastric pits
the lead to gastric glands in the surface of the stomach
41
what is released from gastric glands
mucus HCL intrinsic factors hormones
42
what are exocrine gland cell
secrete into ducts and the stomach lumen gastric juice
43
examples of exocine things secreted into he stomach
mucus pepsinogen HCL intrinsic factors
44
endocrine
secrete into the blood system | pyloric regions
45
paracrine
secretions acting on neighbouring cels histamine stomatastin
46
what does a parietal cell release
HCL gastric juice and intrinsic factor
47
what do chief cells release
pepsinogen and gastric juice lipase
48
what do G cells release
hormone gastrin which stimulates gastric acid secretion
49
what do paracrine cells do
stimulate gastric juice secretion
50
what do D cells do
secrete stomatostain which inhibits gastric acid secretion
51
what secreted HCL
parietal cells | fundus and body
52
functions of HCL
breakdown of connective tissue and muscle fibres of ingested meat activate pepsinogens kills microorganisms
53
how is HCL made in the stomach?
``` CO2 transprted into parietal cells carbonic acid dissociates bicarbonate to bloo exchange for chloride into the lumen H into gastric gland in exchange for K K into blood blood more alkaline due to bicarbonate there H= with chloride forms HCL released into stomach ```
54
what is pepsinogen
made by chief cells an enzyme in gastric cells a group of proteolytic proenzymes hydrolyses peptide bond
55
what is pepsin
protease | hydrolyses peptide bond within proteins
56
how does the stomach not digest itself
mucus is key outer layer is physical protection water layer acts as buffer for neutralisation
57
causes of gastric ulcers
coffee nicotine asprin low bicarbonate
58
how does helicobacter pylori cause
``` swims to mucus layer, gets into epthelium enzyme urease released neutralises gastric acid, ammonia breaks down musuc layer pylori breaches layer inflamation of the cells ```
59
why is vitamin B12 needed?
maintanence of CNS and metabolism and maturation of RBC | lack can lead to anaemia
60
how is vitamin B12 absorbed
intrinsic factor
61
describe the process of vitami B12 beng absorbed
cobalmin is bound to proteins in food acid pH ad pepsin release colbalamin from protein gastric glands ecrete molecule to bind with this calalamn gastric parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor pancrease secretes proteases and alkaline cobalamin is released after the degredation of the molecule
62
name the three stages of gastri secretion
cephalic gastric intestinal
63
what is the cephalic stage of digestion
CNS stimulated through sight and smell signal the submucosa plexus to release Ach mucus, pepsinogen and HCL secreted, gastrin also secreted
64
what is the gastric phase of digestion?
``` food into th stomach stretch receptors stimulated message to submucosal and myenetic plexus mucus, pepsinogen and HCL stimulated waves of contraction gastin stimulated too food broken down stomatastin produced things shut down ready for next stage ```
65
what happens in the intestinal stage of digestion
``` food moved to duodemun plexus inhibited stomach less stretched lesss grnding cell secretion inhibited chyme is acidic, CCK, secretein stimuated peristalis stopped everything slowed down and stopped ```

Human physiology (21 decks)

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