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Human physiology > Digestion: the liver > Flashcards

Digestion: the liver Flashcards

1
Q

name the key functions of the liver

A 
filtering for circulation by removing foreign particles 
synthesis or secretion of bile
metabolise carbohydrates
fat metabolism
detoxification
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2
Q

anatomy of the lobes of the liver

A

right lobe
left lobe
caudate lobe
quarate lobe

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3
Q

descrbe the anatomy of the liver

A

ligament separates the left anf right lobes and connects it to the diaphram

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4
Q

what are iver lobules

A

boarded by connective tissue
central vein in each lobule
made up of hepatocytes

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5
Q

what is the portal traid

A

hepatic artery
bile duct
hepatic poral vein

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6
Q

how does hepatic cirulation work

A

2 supplies: artery going in

vein out

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7
Q

function of the gal bladder

A

storage of bile
concentrate the bile
absorbs na, chloride, bicarbonate and water

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8
Q

what happens in the gall bladder during interdigestive periods

A

sphincter of oddi closed

bile stored and concetrated during wait

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9
Q

what happens to the gal bladder after eating

A 
lipids and proteins present
CCK secreted
relaxes the sphincter of oddi
gall blader contracts
bile released into duodumun
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10
Q

function of the bile

A

eliminates waste products from the body such as bilirubin and cholestrol
digestion and absorption of lipids

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11
Q

how is bile produced?

A
  • hepatocytes secrete bile into the bile ducts
  • ductual epithelial tissues modify the primary secretions by releasing watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid
  • means, half the bile delivered to the gallbladder to be stored
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12
Q

what is the livers primary role

A

synthesis and excretion of cholestrol

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13
Q

what happens to chylomicrons

A

acted on my lipoprotein lipase to unpackage it
remnants of cholesterol sent to liver to make LDL
its bound to lipoproteins

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14
Q

what is a LDL

A

Low-density lipoprotein

more fat than lipoprotein

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15
Q

what do LDLs do

A

deposit fat in the extra hepatic tissues

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16
Q

what are HDLs

A

more lipoprotein than fat

takes fat and cholestrol fro hepatic tissues to the liver

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17
Q

how can cholesterol be made in the liver

A

synthesised from acetyl CoA in the mevalonate pathway

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18
Q

what are procursors of bile acids made from

A

synehsised from cholestrol

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19
Q

describe the process of bile salt circulations

A

secreted bie sats mainly recycled
most of the salts are reabosrbed by the intesine
and are recycled by the enterohepatic circulation

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20
Q

what happens to most primary bile salts

A

conjugated to amino acids, glycine

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21
Q

what is enterohepatic circulation

A

the circulation of biliary acids, bilirubin, drugs, or other substances from the liver to the bile, followed by entry into the small intestine, absorption by the enterocyte and transport back to the liver.

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22
Q

what happens to excess cholesterol

A

it cannot be dispered into a micelle so forms a crystal

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23
Q

what is the role of micellation

A

allows cholesterol to remain in solution

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24
Q

what is bilurubin

A

breakdown of haem products produces this
in the spleen
insoluble

25
Q

in the liver what is bilirubin conjugated with

A

the glcuronic acid which is water soluble and secreted as a component of bile

26
Q

what happens to bilurbin in the large intestine

A

hydrlysed by bacteria into :
urobilogen
serocobin
urobilin

27
Q

what is jaundice

A

high concentrations of bulirubin the the blood

yellow discolouration of the skin, sclera of eyes and tissues

28
Q

causes of jaundice

A

excessive disurption of RBC
impaire uptake of bilirubin
obstructive bile flow, it cant go anywehre

29
Q

types of jaundice

A

hemolytic jaundice

hepatic jaundice

30
Q

what stimulattes the production of bile

A

parasympatetic along the vaugs nevres stimulates bile by the liver

31
Q

what stimulate CCK

A

fatty acids, amino acids, chyme entering duodenum

32
Q

4 stages of bile regulation

A
  1. parapsympttic stimulate bile production
  2. fatty acids, amino acids/ chye stimulate CCK into blood
    acidic chyme stimulates secretin
  3. CCk causes contraction of gall bladder
  4. secretin enhances flow of bicarbonate rich bile from liver
33
Q

by product of liver metabolism

A

ammonia

urea cycle is then used to get rid of this as its toxic

34
Q

how does the liver use the TCA cycle

A

gluocse goes through it

oxidative phosphorylation to mkae ATP and energy

35
Q

what is ketogensisi

A

ketone bodies made in extreme conditions to make energy

36
Q

what happens if glucose levels are too high

A

can induce break down of muscles

needs to be converetd to glycogen

37
Q

what happens when glucose levels are loow low

A

glucagon released
glycogenlysis
glycogen stores used to make glucose

38
Q

gluconeogensis

A

syntehsis of glucose from non-carbohydrate procurors

used in fasting

39
Q

what does lactate do?

A

causes pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle to alow the body to build glucose levels

40
Q

glucogenesis

A

formation of glycogen from gluose

41
Q

glucogenolysis

A

breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver or muscle cells

42
Q

what enters the pathway if energy is requried immediately

A

glucose-6-phosphate

43
Q

how are proteins taken into the liver

A

portal vein

44
Q

what is amino acids catabolism

A

The breakdown of amino acids occur by transamination and

deamination. The by-product of this reaction, ammonia will be detoxified in the urea cycle

45
Q

what role does the liver have in lipid metabolism

A

Oxidation of fatty acid to acetyl-CoA
Synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipids and lipoproteins
Formation of triglycerides from proteins and
carbohydrates

46
Q

what happens to any ammonia in the system

A

released during deamination and is rapidly removed by the liver and convereted to urea

47
Q

what is a xenobiotic

A

substances that are not normlly found in the body

48
Q

what does the liver do to xenobiotics

A

neutralise them

biotransformation

49
Q

what does the liver do to drug

A

the drug is first in the plasma
then through oxidation adn reduction modifies it
conjugation then allows the drug to be excreted
makes the substance more soluble

50
Q

pathways for dealing with alcohol

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase
(ADH) system
Catalase pathway (minor
pathway)

51
Q

whats wrong with the metabolism of alcohol

A 
ethanol converetd to acehehyde 
this is toxic
causes a build up f NADH
pyruvate converted to lactate an this builds up tp
steals all the NAD for other stuff
NAD thinks you have enough enery and causes syntehsis of fats from liver
not enough acetyl CoA
become hypoglycaemic
acehehdye toxic
52
Q

describe the ADH system of alchol metabolism

A

irst, ADH metabolizes alcohol to acetaldehyde, a highly toxic substance and known carcinogen Then, in a second step, acetaldehyde is further metabolized down to another, less active byproduct called acetate which then is broken down into water and carbon dioxide for easy elimination

53
Q

what are the bad effects of alcohol

A 
excess NADH
reduction in NAD
high acetehedyde
increased free radicals
hinderes electron transport chain
fatty acid synthesis instead
54
Q

how does alhocol hinder mitochondria eleectron transport chain?

A 
excess NADH
conversion of pyruvate to lactate
increase in lactic acid so impairs gluconeogensis
depletion of glygogen stores
fatty acid oxidation stops
55
Q

what is wrong with exxcess NADh

A

causes signal for fatty acids to be syntheises instead
glutathione low
liver accumlates fat
causes alcohol hepatitis and cirrhosis

56
Q

what is asian flush syndrome

A

polymorphisms in dehydrogenase
changes in ucleotides make enzymes which causes a reaction and the alchol is converted to acethyde which causes dilation of blood vessels and hence the flush

57
Q

how can you indicate liver injur

A

elevaed serum enzye test results

58
Q

test for liver finction

A 
ALT: alanine aminotransferene
ASL: aspartate aminotranference
excretory function
serum function and protein levels
CT scans for size etc

Human physiology (21 decks)

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