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Human physiology > Digestion: the liver > Flashcards

Digestion: the liver Flashcards

1
Q

name the key functions of the liver

A 
filtering for circulation by removing foreign particles 
synthesis or secretion of bile
metabolise carbohydrates
fat metabolism
detoxification
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2
Q

anatomy of the lobes of the liver

A

right lobe
left lobe
caudate lobe
quarate lobe

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3
Q

descrbe the anatomy of the liver

A

ligament separates the left anf right lobes and connects it to the diaphram

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4
Q

what are iver lobules

A

boarded by connective tissue
central vein in each lobule
made up of hepatocytes

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5
Q

what is the portal traid

A

hepatic artery
bile duct
hepatic poral vein

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6
Q

how does hepatic cirulation work

A

2 supplies: artery going in

vein out

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7
Q

function of the gal bladder

A

storage of bile
concentrate the bile
absorbs na, chloride, bicarbonate and water

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8
Q

what happens in the gall bladder during interdigestive periods

A

sphincter of oddi closed

bile stored and concetrated during wait

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9
Q

what happens to the gal bladder after eating

A 
lipids and proteins present
CCK secreted
relaxes the sphincter of oddi
gall blader contracts
bile released into duodumun
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10
Q

function of the bile

A

eliminates waste products from the body such as bilirubin and cholestrol
digestion and absorption of lipids

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11
Q

how is bile produced?

A
  • hepatocytes secrete bile into the bile ducts
  • ductual epithelial tissues modify the primary secretions by releasing watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid
  • means, half the bile delivered to the gallbladder to be stored
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12
Q

what is the livers primary role

A

synthesis and excretion of cholestrol

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13
Q

what happens to chylomicrons

A

acted on my lipoprotein lipase to unpackage it
remnants of cholesterol sent to liver to make LDL
its bound to lipoproteins

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14
Q

what is a LDL

A

Low-density lipoprotein

more fat than lipoprotein

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15
Q

what do LDLs do

A

deposit fat in the extra hepatic tissues

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16
Q

what are HDLs

A

more lipoprotein than fat

takes fat and cholestrol fro hepatic tissues to the liver

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17
Q

how can cholesterol be made in the liver

A

synthesised from acetyl CoA in the mevalonate pathway

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18
Q

what are procursors of bile acids made from

A

synehsised from cholestrol

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19
Q

describe the process of bile salt circulations

A

secreted bie sats mainly recycled
most of the salts are reabosrbed by the intesine
and are recycled by the enterohepatic circulation

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20
Q

what happens to most primary bile salts

A

conjugated to amino acids, glycine

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21
Q

what is enterohepatic circulation

A

the circulation of biliary acids, bilirubin, drugs, or other substances from the liver to the bile, followed by entry into the small intestine, absorption by the enterocyte and transport back to the liver.

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22
Q

what happens to excess cholesterol

A

it cannot be dispered into a micelle so forms a crystal

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23
Q

what is the role of micellation

A

allows cholesterol to remain in solution

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24
Q

what is bilurubin

A

breakdown of haem products produces this
in the spleen
insoluble

25
in the liver what is bilirubin conjugated with
the glcuronic acid which is water soluble and secreted as a component of bile
26
what happens to bilurbin in the large intestine
hydrlysed by bacteria into : urobilogen serocobin urobilin
27
what is jaundice
high concentrations of bulirubin the the blood | yellow discolouration of the skin, sclera of eyes and tissues
28
causes of jaundice
excessive disurption of RBC impaire uptake of bilirubin obstructive bile flow, it cant go anywehre
29
types of jaundice
hemolytic jaundice | hepatic jaundice
30
what stimulattes the production of bile
parasympatetic along the vaugs nevres stimulates bile by the liver
31
what stimulate CCK
fatty acids, amino acids, chyme entering duodenum
32
4 stages of bile regulation
1. parapsympttic stimulate bile production 2. fatty acids, amino acids/ chye stimulate CCK into blood acidic chyme stimulates secretin 3. CCk causes contraction of gall bladder 4. secretin enhances flow of bicarbonate rich bile from liver
33
by product of liver metabolism
ammonia | urea cycle is then used to get rid of this as its toxic
34
how does the liver use the TCA cycle
gluocse goes through it | oxidative phosphorylation to mkae ATP and energy
35
what is ketogensisi
ketone bodies made in extreme conditions to make energy
36
what happens if glucose levels are too high
can induce break down of muscles | needs to be converetd to glycogen
37
what happens when glucose levels are loow low
glucagon released glycogenlysis glycogen stores used to make glucose
38
gluconeogensis
syntehsis of glucose from non-carbohydrate procurors | used in fasting
39
what does lactate do?
causes pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle to alow the body to build glucose levels
40
glucogenesis
formation of glycogen from gluose
41
glucogenolysis
breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver or muscle cells
42
what enters the pathway if energy is requried immediately
glucose-6-phosphate
43
how are proteins taken into the liver
portal vein
44
what is amino acids catabolism
The breakdown of amino acids occur by transamination and | deamination. The by-product of this reaction, ammonia will be detoxified in the urea cycle
45
what role does the liver have in lipid metabolism
Oxidation of fatty acid to acetyl-CoA Synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipids and lipoproteins Formation of triglycerides from proteins and carbohydrates
46
what happens to any ammonia in the system
released during deamination and is rapidly removed by the liver and convereted to urea
47
what is a xenobiotic
substances that are not normlly found in the body
48
what does the liver do to xenobiotics
neutralise them | biotransformation
49
what does the liver do to drug
the drug is first in the plasma then through oxidation adn reduction modifies it conjugation then allows the drug to be excreted makes the substance more soluble
50
pathways for dealing with alcohol
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) system Catalase pathway (minor pathway)
51
whats wrong with the metabolism of alcohol
``` ethanol converetd to acehehyde this is toxic causes a build up f NADH pyruvate converted to lactate an this builds up tp steals all the NAD for other stuff NAD thinks you have enough enery and causes syntehsis of fats from liver not enough acetyl CoA become hypoglycaemic acehehdye toxic ```
52
describe the ADH system of alchol metabolism
irst, ADH metabolizes alcohol to acetaldehyde, a highly toxic substance and known carcinogen Then, in a second step, acetaldehyde is further metabolized down to another, less active byproduct called acetate which then is broken down into water and carbon dioxide for easy elimination
53
what are the bad effects of alcohol
``` excess NADH reduction in NAD high acetehedyde increased free radicals hinderes electron transport chain fatty acid synthesis instead ```
54
how does alhocol hinder mitochondria eleectron transport chain?
``` excess NADH conversion of pyruvate to lactate increase in lactic acid so impairs gluconeogensis depletion of glygogen stores fatty acid oxidation stops ```
55
what is wrong with exxcess NADh
causes signal for fatty acids to be syntheises instead glutathione low liver accumlates fat causes alcohol hepatitis and cirrhosis
56
what is asian flush syndrome
polymorphisms in dehydrogenase changes in ucleotides make enzymes which causes a reaction and the alchol is converted to acethyde which causes dilation of blood vessels and hence the flush
57
how can you indicate liver injur
elevaed serum enzye test results
58
test for liver finction
``` ALT: alanine aminotransferene ASL: aspartate aminotranference excretory function serum function and protein levels CT scans for size etc ```

Human physiology (21 decks)

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