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nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

major divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS

peripheral

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2
Q

what is the CNS

A

brain and spine

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3
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system

A

subdivided into autonomic: sympatetic and parasympatetic

somatic motor control and conscous control

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4
Q

what are the three major regions of the brain

A

fore brain
mid brain
hind brain

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5
Q

what is the fore brain

A

prosencephalon
main large part
used for complicated motor movement and sensory pereption

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6
Q

parts in the fore brain

A

cerebral hemisphere
thalamus
hypothalmus

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7
Q

what is the mid brain

A

mesencepaton
smaller with nerve tracts
relays information for audio, visual and body movement

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8
Q

what is in the mid brain

A

substantial nigra

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9
Q

what is the hind brain

A

smaller brain
respiratory rate
heart rate
movement

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10
Q

what is in the hind brain

A

pons
medualla
cerebellum

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11
Q

the function of the spinal fluid

A

protection and provides nutrients

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12
Q

PET scans

A

uses radiolabelled emitters

coloursare seen for key structures

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13
Q

what is an MRI scan

A

functional magnetic ressonance image
measures change in blood flow relative to neural activity
grey scae

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14
Q

what are the colours on an MRI

A

grey areas nerve cell bodies

white matter is bundles of nerve fibres

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15
Q

what is CSF

A

cereobrospinal fluid
between
acts as a cushion, protection, homoetsatis barrier
surronded by special membranes for nutrient movement

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16
Q

structure of the spinal cord

A

central grey areas with 2 horns and surronding white matter

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17
Q

what is the central bit of the spine

A

grey matter

dorsal and ventral horns, doral is back, ventral front

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18
Q

what is the dorsal and ventra horns

A

in the centre spine
dorsal is back
ventral front

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19
Q

what is the function of the dorsal and ventral horns

A

control sensory function usign spinal nerves

communicate and used in reflexes

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20
Q

what goes into the dorsal horn

A

afferent nerves go in
taking information into the CNS
e. sensory pain

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21
Q

what comes out of the spine

A

efferent nerves
exit via the ventral route
go to skeletal muscles/somatic system
effectors

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22
Q

examples of non-neuronal cells

A

astrocytes
oligodentrocytes
micoglia
ependymal cells

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23
Q

what is an astrocyte

A

supportive function for CNS neurones
contribute to blood brain barrier
star shaped

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24
Q

what is an oligodendrocyte

A

form the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS

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25
what are the microglial cells
carry out phagocytosis in the CNS
26
what are ependymal cells
epithelial cells in the fluid filled spaces of the brain and central canal of the spine posess microvili to help circulate CSF around the CNS
27
functions of neurones
- rapid transmission of information from spesific sources to selected targets - integration/summation of information from manny sources
28
key anatomical features of a spinal motor neurone
``` soma cotains nucleus main axon then diverges dendrites recieve info presynapticl terminals on dendrites nodes of ranvier axon hillock ```
29
name the functional units of the neurone
``` dendrites cell body axon hillock axon axon collaterlas nodes of ranvier myelin sheath terminal branches nerve terminals/synaptic boutons ```
30
what are the two processes in the nervous system
dendrites and axons dendrites recieve convergent information axons transmit divergent signalling
31
what is the resing potentail
-70 millivolts
32
how can you calculate the resting membrane potentail
Nerst equation
33
how does the nerst equation work
can caulte the equalibriu potentail of a ion | divides the extracellular ion conc by the intracellular conc
34
equibrium poteential for Na
+61
35
equilirium potetnail for K
-94
36
equlilibrium potentail for Ca
+12
37
what tyoe of channnel is Na
activation M gate | inactivation H gate
38
what type of channel is the K channel
activation N gate
39
describe the process of action potential changing channel openign
``` both closed initially K closed while Na open Na inside shit, inactivated K begins to open Na then closes fully while K ramins openw ```
40
what drive depolarisation
sodium coming inwards
41
what drives repolarisation
potassium current outwards
42
what is the all or nothing priciple
if the threhold is exceeded, all Aps have similar magnitiude and ruation
43
what is the absolute refractor period
Na channels are open or inactivated | AP cannot be eliticed
44
what des myelination determine
conduction elocity
45
what is myelin
phospholipid wrapping around and insulating the axon
46
in the CNS what myelinates axons
oligodenrocytes
47
in the PNS what myelinates axons
schwan cells
48
what doe myelin do
decreases the capacitance of the axon restricting the generation of APs to the nodes of ranvier saltatory conductance, it junps from node to node
49
what is MS
neuromuscular disease involving the destruction of myelin | thought to be autoimmune
50
what do APs depend on
the exisiting resting membrane potential
51
what initiates and terminates Aps
initiaed by increased Na permeability which deppolarises the membrane terminated by slower increase in K permeability whih repolarises the membrane
52
what causes the neurone to be unable to fire during the absoulute refractor period
Na channel inactivation
53
what is the relative refractor preiod
prolonged k channel acitvation makes it harder for an AP to fire
54
which axons conduct faster
large diameteris faster than small
55
what is firing frequency of neurones mesured in
Hertz
56
what are the types of connections in neuronal synapses
axodendritic axosomatic axoaxonmal dendrodendtiric
57
what are the two types of synapses
chemical | electrical using gap junctions
58
how do chemical synapses work
axons of presynaptic neurons make contact with target psotsynaptic cells neurotransmitters are released
59
how do neutotranmitters work
synthesied in nerve terminal and pacaged into vesicles | they are relased on the arriva of action potential at the presynaptic termial
60
what do excitatory neurotransmitters do
increase nerve activity causing depolarisation initiate EPSPs
61
what is an EPSP
excitatory post synaptic potential | increased excitability
62
examples of axcitatory neurotranmitter
glutamate | ecetylcholine
63
features of EPSPs
smaller gradend, vary in amplitude summate, add to each other temporal, decay with distance
64
what does the binding of Ach do to acetylcholne receptors?
activates it | opens it allowing Na to flow through
65
what do inhibitory synapses do
decrease nerve activity cause hyperpolarisation initiate IPSPs
66
what is an IPSP
inhibitory post synaptic potential
67
examples of inhibitory neurotramitter
GABA opoids acetylcholine
68
what determines if there is an AP or not
the balance between EPSPs and IPSPS converging on a neurone at any one time
69
what do inhibitory neurtroraittesr do
GABA binds to the inactive receptor it activated it allowing Cl- in opposes the exictability of the neurone
70
features of IPSPs
small gradent temporal summate
71
how do inhbitory NTs stop Aps
\Cl influx combined with K efflux make the neurone negative and thus inhbit the AP generation
72
how do electrical synapses work
open channels conudcting directly, gap junctions
73
what are two two ways acetlycholine works
nicotinic: excitatory muscarlinic: inhibitory
74
if the number of synpses firing increases the 24, what will the maximun acheiveble voltage be?
+30mV | all or nothing priciple
75
which axon out of axosomatic and axodendtiic requires more pulses to depolarise the postsynaptic cel to the threshold?
axon on fthe distal dendrites
76
define convergence
many neuronal inputs convergin on a single neurone
77
what are the two major determinants of conduction veolcity in nerve axons?
axon diameter: large means lower intracelular resitance | - degree of myelination
78
what is divergence
once an xon has left the cell it may give rise of a few or many axon collateroal this is called divergence
79
why are long axons not idea
all the ptoeins must be transported from the cell body and proteins for recycling returned to the cell body along with t
80
what is the equlibrium potential
potential at which the tendency of nion to move down its concentration gradient is equally balanced by the membrane potentials

Human physiology (21 decks)

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