Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human physiology > digestion structures and function > Flashcards

digestion structures and function Flashcards

1
Q

what are parietal cells stimulated by

A

gastrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are D cells inhibited by

A

cephalic stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

three regions of the small intestine

A

deudenum
jujunum
ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is segmentation

A

slow contractions of circular muscles
drives contents back and from mixing the chyme with digestive enzymes
strength of contraction regulated by food content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is peristalsis

A

rhymic propulsive movements to move chyme along small intestine
mixes chyme with digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where are peristalsis contractions stronger?

A

duodenum to keep food going in right direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Key histological features of the small intestine

A

folds called pilicae circulares adding surface area

villi and brush boarder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where does most of the absorption occur

A

jejunum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

were are there the most plicase circulares

A

jejunum

lowest amount in duedenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are columar epitheial cells used for?

A

nutrient and electrolyte absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the crypt of lieberkuhn

A

bit at the bottom of the vili
no enzymes here but used for secretion
goblet cells
stem cells at base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a paneth cell?

A

synthesis and secretion of antimicrobial peptides and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a goblet cell

A

secretion of mucin, major part of mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is an undifferentiated crypt cell used for

A

proliferates to replace lost enterocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the fuction of enteric endocrine cells

A

secretion of CCK, gastrin, secretin and glucose-dependent insulinotrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what can be secreted by the small intestine?

A

mucus
water
bicarbonate
immune functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why is mucus needed in the small intestine

A

protection from acids and proteases

most needed in the duodenum as lots of digestion is here and chyme is acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why is water secreted from the crypt/ small intestine

A

made in th cryt
makes mucus runny for movemnt
functional envronmnt for enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where does bicarbonate get secreted from

A

brunners glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

role of bicarbonate

A

protects from acids

optimal conditions for enzymes to work in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what immune function secretions are made in the small intestine

A

chym is ner sterile due to acid
lots of bacteria are found in large intestin howver
antibacterial enzymes are secreted to help

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where ar antimicrobials secreted?

A

peyers patch

paneth cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the peyers patch

A

only found in the ileum
small masses of lymphatic tissue
boarder control for intestin and microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a brunner gland

A

found in the duedenum
releases bicarbonate rich alkaline fluid containing mucus
they protrude the lining of the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
how is the peyers patch seen in the small intestine
small circul pumps of tissues in the cell lining
26
diffrnce between parts of the small intetine
duedenum: plicase and brunners glands jejunum: plicae, more folds ilum: vili, peyers patch
27
where does CCK come from
I cells of the duodenum and jejunum
28
where does secretin come from
S cells of small intestine
29
where does somatostatin come from
D cells of the stomach and duodenum
30
where does GIP come from | gastric inhibitory peptide
K cells in duodenum and jejunum
31
what does secretin do>
inhibits HCL/gastric juice stimulates bicarbonate neutralises the acid
32
what is the function of CCK
stops G cells making gastrin and stops chief and parietal cells stimulates the pancreas to release digetive enzymes and makes the gall blader contract to digest food
33
what is the function of scretin
stops gastrin | neutralises acid making optimal conditions for enzymes
34
what stimulates secretin
pH drop
35
where is stomatastin made?
D cells
36
what does stomatastin do/
stops gastrin firther inhibits enzymes by the pancreas stops everything at the end
37
what is the gall bladers function
bile storage and concentration
38
what controls the release of bile and pancreatic juice
sphincters
39
what type of organ is the pancreas
exocrine gland | acessory digestive organ
40
what does the pancreas do
rich in bicarbonate neutralises the gastric contents that enter the small intestine digests the carbohydrates, proteins and fats
41
where does glucagon and insulin come from
glucagon comes from alpha cells | insulin beta cell
42
what is an acinar
The pancreatic acinar cell is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas. It synthesizes, stores, and secretes digestive enzymes.
43
what are found in acinar cells
lots of RER and ribosomes | lots of proteins that are made and packages for ecretion
44
what prevents autodigestion in the acinar cells
granules are acidic so not yet activated and require alkali for this they are transported in acidic capsule then released and they can work
45
what is a zymogen
digestive enzyme in the inactive form | prevents autodigetion
46
what is trypsinogen
the inactive form of trypsin | cleaves peptide bonds
47
what is elastase
also cleaves internal peptide bonds
48
how do zymogens get activatd
for trypsin it gets activated by something in the brush boarder once this is activated it can then go on and activate all the other zymogens of proteases
49
what inceases the secretion of the pancreas
CCK and secretin vagal nerve contraction
50
describe the process of activating the pancreas
``` food arives contains polypeptides to stimulate CCK pH drops stimulates secretin secretin released into blood CCK acts on pancreas to make zymogens moves to intestines and are ativated CCk causes gall blader to contract releasing bile secretin acts on liver making more bile more bicarbonate made too ```
51
what action do CCK, gastrin and acetylcholine have on the pancreas
increassed secretion of pancreatic enzymes and chloride right fluid by acinar cells
52
what action do secretin, histodine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide have on the pancreas
increased secretion of bicarbonate rich fluid from the duct cells
53
what action do insulin and insulin like growth factors have on the pancreas
increased enzyme synthesis and secretion
54
what action does stomatastatin have on the pancreas
inhibited secretion from acinar and duct cells
55
where is the most digestion
duodenum | brush boarder specifically
56
most absorption
jejunum and ileum
57
what role does the borush boarder have on digesion
enzymes are localise here and they digest the macromolecules
58
what is sodium key for in digestion
osmolarity and transport of molecules from lumen to the blood
59
where does Na need to be
less Na in lumen follows a concentration gradient of diffusion but polar so needs some help to move
60
what allows Na to move
facillitatied diffusion | then active transport
61
describe the process of sodium absorption
sodium channels allows facillitative diffusion of Na acros from the lumen of intestine into epithelial cell from here, activate transport is used to pump it from the epithelial cell to the blood where it can enter the vessel
62
whats the balance of amino acids like?
more in cells that in the lumen
63
how are amino acids transported
active transport along with na allos them to get in, glucose too secondary active transport once in epithelia cells can diffuse into the blood
64
what does exopeptidase do
cut ends of proteins into oligopeptides
65
what does endopeptidase so
cut middles of proteins into oligopeptides
66
describe the process of protein digestion
enzymes break them down into oligopeptides then into dipeptides or tripeptides or single amino acids they are transported across the membrane along with Na in co- transport Na is moved back out again to maintain a gradient cytosolic peptidases then complete the digestion
67
what completes protein digestion
cytosolic peptidases
68
where do proteins go once in the cells
hydrophobic amino acids move into the blood by diffusion | hydrophilic amino acids need co-transport with Na+
69
how do amino acids get to the liver
portal vein
70
describe the proecss of breaking down carbohydrates
saliva in mouth, amylase breaking down to maltose | then brush boarder
71
what happens at the brush boarder to carbohydrtes
enzymes at the boarder are needed to separate the parts down further competes the digestion of it
72
how are carohydrates transported after being broken down
Na gradient i key activive transport moves glucose/galactose into cell, the go with Na now diffuse into blood Na pumped back out for gradient maintene
73
what is the GLUT2 transporter
carrier to move glucose into the cell works when there is more glucose in the lumen than then cell after eating rising glucose in lumn activates the GLUT2 into apical membrane
74
where is fructose moving
higher conc in lumen than cell diffuses through a carrier independent of Na diffuses into blood
75
what carrier out lipid hydroloysis
lipase
76
describe the proces of lipid digestion
bile salts from liver coat fat droplets pancreatic lipase and colipase breaks down fats inot monoglycerides and fatty acids stored in micelles monoglycerides and fatty acids move into cels by diffusion at same time cholesterol transported into cells cholesterol combined with aborbed fats and protens in intestinal cells forming chylomicrons these are then removed by the lymphatic system
77
what is a chylomicron
fats combining with cholesterol and proteins in the intestinal cells form these structures
78
what substances are found in the lumen?
``` glucose proteins oligopeptides sucrose fructose peptides tryglycerols ```
79
what is found in the interstitial space
glucose amino acids fructose triglcerols
80
main function of the large intestine
absorbing left over water | sorts and concntrates faecal matter
81
name the parts of the large intesine
``` caecum appendix colon: ascending, transverse, desending, sigmoid rectum anal canal ```
82
what are taeniae coli
longitudinal muscles thickened to form bands
83
what are haustra
circular mucles contracting at intervals to make sacks
84
where are the least numbers of bacteria found
duodenum
85
why are bacteria needed in the large intesine
ferment indigestiable carbohydrates and proteins | make vitamins B and K
86
describe the process of defecation
gastroileal refex increases ileal contractions after a meal chyme enters caecum through the sphincter slow mixing and propulsive movements defecating refex initiated by distension of rectal wall relaxation of external anal sphincter explusion of faeces

Human physiology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions