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gas transport and control of breathing Flashcards

1
Q

two ways oxygen is transported

A

haemaglobin

disolved in blood plasma, small perentage

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2
Q

how much can each haemoglobin carry?

A

4 oxygen molecules

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3
Q

what is cooperative binding?

A

each time one oxygen binds to haemoglobin it makes it easier for the others to bind also

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4
Q

Hb with oxygen

A

oxyhaemoglobin

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5
Q

Hb without oxygen

A

deoxyheamoglobin

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6
Q

whats the structure of haemoglobin

A

haem group within a globin chain
iron atom in centre
2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains

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7
Q

how can the affinity of haemglobin be increased?

A

increase pH
decrease CO2 conc
decrease body temp

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8
Q

how can the affinity of haemglobin be decreased

A

decreased pH
increased CO2
increased body temp
increase in 2,3-DGP synthesis

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9
Q

what is an oxygen dissociation curve?

A

the relationship between oxygen carried in hB and alveolar oxygen

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10
Q

what does the flat top of the cruve show?

A

plateau region

oxygen binds in the lungs

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11
Q

how much oxygen is released into tissues?

A

25%

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12
Q

in highly active tissues where is the curve?

A 
shifted to the RIGHT
more oxygen released
low pH, acidic
high temp
more CO2
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13
Q

in resting tissue what happens to the curve?

A 
shifted to the LEFT
decreased oxygen release
low temp
low Co2
alkaline pH, high
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14
Q

what is the shifting of the dissociation curve called?

A

Bohr effect

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15
Q

what causes the borh effect?

A

increase of CO2 from active tissues lowers the pH triggers an incerase in oxygen release
curve moves to the right

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16
Q

what happens to the oxygen dissocation curve in anaemia?

A

lower conc of HB
100% saturated but less of it so cant carry as much
oxygen levels lower

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17
Q

three ways carbon dioxide is transprted

A

disolved in plasma as gas
attached to globin chains in Hb
bicarbonate

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18
Q

describe the passage of carbon dioxide

A

enters RBC
carbonic anhydrase increases rate water and CO2 combining to make bicarbonate
carbonic acid dissocates
H proton left
bicarbonate leaves RBC in exchange for cl ion
water moves into RBC, more swollen now
lots f protons, low ph

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19
Q

how are the muscle associated with ventilation controlled?

A

cant contract on their own and require continuous stimulationfrom the CNS

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20
Q

where do signals for ventilation come from?

A

respiratory centre which has neurnes located in the pons and medulla

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21
Q

what are the respiratory centres

A

dorsal and ventral

apneustic and pneumotaxic

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22
Q

what is the dorsal and ventral respiratory centre?

A

medulla

inspiratory and expiratory centres

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23
Q

what is the apneustic and pneumotaxic centres?

A

pons

involved in pacemaking the lumg

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24
Q

what role does the dorsal group have

A

neurones send signals to the diaphram through the phrenic nerve to control inspiration

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25
what role does the ventral group have
involved in both inspiration and expiration | controls the intercostals and abdominal muscles
26
what role does the apneusic group have
promotes inspiration
27
what role does the pneumotoxic group have?
turns off apneustic centre allowing the expiration
28
what keeps respiratory rhythm?
neurones firing and inhibiting others and vice verse keeping a pace
29
during exercise what had more activity
phrenic and intercostal nerves
30
during quiet breathing wha happens with nerves
no intercostal nerve no effort no tension in muscles
31
what are the two systms regulating breathing
voluntary and automatic
32
how does the voluntay system control breathing
signals in premotor and motor cortext instruct the respiratory centre allowing us to regulate it outselves sign, speak, hold breath etc
33
how does the automatic system control breathing>
mechanical and chemical receptors
34
how do chemoreceptors monitor breathing
monitor blood oxyge, carbon dioxide, pH | signl and adjust ventilation
35
how do mechanoreceptors monitor breathing
ense stretching and irritants in the lungs and relays information to respiratory centres
36
where are central chemoreceptrs found?
close to the medulla
37
how do chemoreceptrs work?
sense partial pressures of CO2 | monitor hydrogen ions in spinal flui
38
how do the chemireceptors work to signal to increasing breathing rate?
hydrogen ions cant get through blood brain barrier carbon dioxide can. no buffering in this spina fluid hydrogen ions get in through the CO2 then turned int bicarbonate hydrogen ions reach the receptors causes the need to breath slow but effective
39
where are peripheral chemireceptors found?
arotic branch | carotid bodies
40
how do carotid bodies act as chemoreceptors
monitor the oxygen conc mainly and sometimes Co2 also signal the respiratory centre to increase ventilation when partial pressure of oxygen drops belw 60mmhg very fast
41
where are mechanoreceptors found?
lung and chest wall
42
how do mechanoreceptors monitor stretch
when we breathe in signals are send more stretching means stronger signals stops over streching of the lungs they promote expiration and stop damage
43
what do mechanoreceptors do for irritants
stimulated by gasses, dust smoke. cold air | constrict the bronchioles and protect the airways and lungs
44
what is a juxtacapillary?
J-receptors in alvelar walls sense the fluid in alveoli induce rapid shallow brething to clean fluid
45
when are juxacapillaries used?
pneumonia and diseases
46
what is dysponea
feeling of breathlessness
47
what is a abstructive disease
expiration defects
48
whats a resitrcitve diease
hard to breathe in
49
what type of disease is asthma?
obstructive
50
what causesastham
allergens in the environment | causes sudden dyspnea and difficulty breathing
51
what happens during asthma attack?
FRC and RV increased FEV and peak flow reduced chronic fimflmtion of the bronchi
52
what type of disease is emphysema
obstructive
53
what causes emphysema
smoking | neurphils invade alveli releasing enymes to destroy the lining
54
what happens in emphyema
``` supporting connetive tissue destroyed large aveoli more dead space chronic inflmation cili dont work inefficient gas exchange ```
55
what lung function tests are done for emphysema
FEV and peak flow are reduced
56
what type of disease is pulmonary fibrosis
restrictive
57
what is pulmonary fibrosis
excessive fibrous tissue in the lungs large alveoli with scars oxygen has long distances to travel
58
what does pulmonary fbrosis cause/ theeffects of it
less oxygen in blood stiff lungs hard to inhale chronic breathlessness
59
what causes pulmonary fibrosis?
idiopathic | maybe overactive imune system secreting desructive enzymes to destroy lining
60
what type of diseae is COPD
obstructive
61
what is COPD
combination of emphysema and chronic bhrnchitis
62
what des COPD cause?
reduced peak flow and FEV impaired diffusion reduced airway diameter lung function generally reduced
63
what is obstructive sleep apnoea
temporary ceasing of breathing during sleep
64
what causes sleep apnoea
obstruction is physical caused by muscles obstructing the airways
65
what happens during sleep apnoea
oxygen decreases and carbn dioxide inceased | muscles can sometimes collapse due to lack to tone
66
what overcomes the obstruction in sleep apnoea?
stimulation to breathe increases in the intrathroaciic pressure to overcome obstruction
67
what is central sleep apnoea?
respiratory centres cant initiate breathing | no conscous ability while asleep
68
what sort of breathing happens during central sleep apnoea
Cheyne-stokes sleep | slow shallow breathing that gradully increased before apnoea
69
what changes during exercise?
CO rises increased stroke volume and HR more blood to muscles heart empties better
70
what triigers an increase in CO
increse in sympatetic activiy and decrease in parasympatetic resting systems dont need much output so vessels shut off more blood sent to musces
71
how is muscle perfusion increased in exercise
increase in metabolites and adrenaline increased arteriolar dilation increased muscle perfusion
72
at rest how much of the cardiac output goes to the muscles
5L
73
to which organ does blood flow change during exercise?
gut and renal flow
74
what is steady state?
during exercise ventilation is increased until a steady state is reached this is when oxygen delivery matches demand
75
when exercise starts what happens in the body
a partial pressure of oxygen and carbon idoxide in venous blood chnge changes in chemoreceptor signalling SV and HR increase due to higher brain signals increase in ventilation due to neural and humoral factors beats with more force and faster
76
what happens to reach a steady state?
central effects in respiration and cardiac are reinforced from exercising limbs ventilation rises peripheral chemoreceptors help movement of limbs detected and gives and response
77
what happens during a steady state
ventilation and CO meet needs of the body! nothing changed now maintained by K conc limb movement and metabolism maintains everything
78
regular training will...
``` lower resting HR increase heart size thicker ventricles natural hypertrophy end diastolic volume and SV increased higher maximal CO bone remodels for higher strength more capillary density for more blood supply ```
79
what effects does training have on the respiratory system
``` modest increase in vital capactiy increased minute ventiltion pulmonary dffuion more efficient new capillaries formed alveoli more efficient now muscles higher strength muscle density higher ```
80
what changes can happen in elite swimmers?
chest cavity increases in size and can gain more alveoli/larger ones only swimmers this happens
81
what effects does altitude have?
``` sickness brain starved of oxygen not able to inhale as much oxygen as before respiration goes down breathe less and with less oygen ```
82
consequences of attitude
central sleep apnoea | pulmonary odemea: lack of pressure and fluid accumulates on the lungs
83
what effects are there for chronic altitude
chronic hypoxia double the content of Hb and RBCs increase: CO, minute volume, tissue vascularisation
84
what effects does deep diving have on the respiratory system?
bradychardia: redirection of blood to brain and a lowered heart rate
85
what is is bad to do before diving?
hyperventilation to store oxygen as it can lead to cerebral hypoxia and drowning it removes carbon dioxide from the blood but it cant be more saturated
86
what adaptations do mammals have that dive often?
low heart rates and blood that can be easily diverted to key organs

Human physiology (21 decks)

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