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Semester 1-Body Logistics > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the inferior aspect of each lung curved upwards?

A

Because it lies on top of the domed diaphragm

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2
Q

True or false: the respiratory system only contains serous membranes

A

FALSE - it contains a mucous membrane too

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3
Q

What does the mucous membrane in the respiratory system line?

A

Conducting portion of the respiratory tract and it bears mucus-secreting cells to varying degrees

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4
Q

What do the serous membranes line?

A

Pleural sacs which envelope each lung

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5
Q

What can the pleural cavity fill with? (4)

A
  1. Air (pneumothorax)
  2. Blood (haemothorax)
  3. Pus (empyema)
  4. Watery transudate or exudate (pleural effusion)
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6
Q

How can fluid be drained from the pleural cavity?

A

By inserting a wide-bore needle through an intercostal space (now done under ultrasound guidance).

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7
Q

What is the danger of inserting the needle below the 7th intercostal space?

A

Diaphragm could be penetrated

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8
Q

Complete the sentence:

Intercostal nerves and vessels run in the ______ ______ along the inferior body of each rib.

A

Costal groove

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9
Q

Complete the sentence:

Cancer of the lung can cause a __________ of one side of the diaphragm if tumour impinges on the left or right _______ nerve.

A

Paralysis

Phrenic

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10
Q

What two things can cancer in the apex of the lung impinge on and what can this cause?

A 
Brachial plexus and can cause wasting of muscles in the lower arm 
Sympathetic trunk (nerves), giving rise to Horner's syndrome
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of Horner’s syndrome? (3)

A 
Miosis (constricted pupil)
Ptosis (weak, droopy upper eyelid)
Apparent anhidrosis (localised, decreased sweating)
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12
Q

What causes a hoarse voice in lung cancer?

A

Impingement on the left recurrent laryngeal nerve or aneurysm of the aorta

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13
Q

What constitutes as part of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract? (8)

A 
Nasal cavity 
Pharynx 
Larynx
Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Bronchioles 
Terminal bronchioles
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14
Q

What constitutes as the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract? (3)

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

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15
Q

True or false: the walls of the passageways become thicker going down the order of the conducting and respiratory portions of the respiratory tract

A

FALSE - become thinner as their lumens decrease in diameter

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16
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the airways from the nasal cavity to the largest bronchioles?

A

Pseudostratified epithelium with cilia and goblet cells

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17
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the terminal bronchioles?

A

Simple columnar with cilia and Clara cells but no goblet cells

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18
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts?

A

Simple cuboidal with Clara cells and few sparsely scattered cilia

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19
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous

20
Q

What allows us to detect odours?

A

Olfactory mucosa

21
Q

What are the two types of nasal cavities?

A

Non-olfactory regions

Olfactory regions

22
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the non-olfactory nasal regions?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

23
Q

What type of epithelium is present in olfactory nasal regions?

A

Thick pseudostratified columnar epithelium without goblet cells

24
Q

What do serous glands do and what are they called in the olfactory region?

A

Flush out odourants from the epithelial surface, called Bowman’s glands

25
Q

Which type of epithelium are the ventricular folds of the larynx lined with?

A

Pseudostratified with mucous glands and numerous lymph nodules

26
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the vocal cords of the larynx?

A

Stratified squamous

27
Q

What do the vocal cords of the larynx contain? (2)

A
  1. Vocal ligament (elastic fibres)

2. Vocalis muscle (skeletal muscle)

28
Q

What do the vocal cords do?

A

Stop foreign objects from reaching the lungs by closing to build up pressure when coughing is required

29
Q

What is the difference between the trachea and the primary bronchi?

A

Cartilage rings and spiral muscle of primary bronchi completely encircle the lumen

30
Q

What do the secretions from the epithelium and submucosal glands of the trachea and bronchi contain? (6)

A 
Mucins 
Water
Serum proteins
Lysozyme
Antiproteases 
Immunoglobulins
31
Q

Complete the sentence:

In COPD, there is goblet cell _____________, a smaller proportion of ciliated cells and ____________ of the submucous glands

A

Hyperplasia

Hypertrophy

32
Q

What is not present in the apical membranes of the epithelial cells of cystic fibrosis (CF) sufferers?

A

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR)

33
Q

What happens in CF as a result of the ion channel molecule not being present?

A

Water doesn’t leave the epithelium in sufficient quantities to adequately hydrate mucus, mucus becomes viscous and can less readily be moved to the oropharynx for swallowing

34
Q

Complete the sentence:

Absence of _________ in walls of bronchioles allows these passages to constrict and almost close down when smooth muscle contraction becomes excessive. Such __________________ can become excessive in asthma and cause more difficulty with ____________ than ___________.

A

Cartilage
Bronchoconstriction
Expiration
Inspiration

35
Q

Why is expiration harder than inspiration for asthma patients?

A

During expiration, the bronchial walls are no longer held open by the surrounding alveoli

36
Q

True or false: as bronchioles get smaller, goblet cells give way to Clara cells

A

TRUE

37
Q

What do Clara cells secrete? (2)

A

Surfactant lipoprotein which prevents the walls sticking together during expiration
Clara cell protein (CC16)

38
Q

What does CC16 protein do? (2)

A

Measurable marker in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (if lowered then lung damage)
Measurable marker in serum (if raised then leakage across air-blood barrier)

39
Q

Why is the absence of goblet cells in terminal bronchioles important?

A

To prevent individuals from ‘drowning’ in their own mucus

40
Q

What can alveoli open into? (4)

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles
  2. Alveolar duct
  3. Alveolar sac
  4. Another alveolus
41
Q

Describe the properties of alveolar walls (4)

A
  1. Have abundant capillaries
  2. Supported by basketwork of elastic and reticular fibres
  3. Have a covering composed of type I pneumocytes
  4. Have scattering of intervening type II pneumocytes
42
Q

What causes emphysema?

A

Destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of air spaces which can result from smoking or alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency

43
Q

What is the hallmark sign of emphysema?

A

Pursed-lip breathing

44
Q

What happens when alveolar walls are damaged?

A

Bronchioles collapse, making it difficult for lungs to empty so air becomes trapped in alveoli

45
Q

What causes pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae is most common)

Semester 1-Body Logistics (20 decks)

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