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Semester 1-Body Logistics > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

When is meiosis II of oogenesis complete?

A

On fertilisation

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2
Q

Where does fertilisation usually occur?

A

In the ampullary region of the Fallopian tube

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3
Q

How long are sperm viable for?

A

Five days

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4
Q

True or false: sperm are initially incapable of fertilisation

A

TRUE

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5
Q

What do sperm require to become capable of fertilisation?

A

Capacitation-tail of sperm moves faster, causing plasma membrane to alter

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6
Q

Define embryonic age

A

Time since fertilisation

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7
Q

Define gestational age

A

Time since last menstruation, so embryonic age plus 2 weeks

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8
Q

What is the germinal stage?

A

Time from fertilisation to the end of the second week

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9
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A

Time from third to end of eighth week

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10
Q

What is the foetal period?

A

Time from beginning of ninth week to birth at 38 weeks (gestational age)

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11
Q

Complete the sentences:

Before the blastocyst can implant, it has to lose the _____ _________. This is thought to prevent the morula/blastocyst adhering to the oviduct. The process of losing this structure is called __________.

A

Zona pellucida

Hatching

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12
Q

What does the zona pellucida stop?

A

Morula enlarging

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13
Q

What does the trophoblast become?

A

Yolk sac and placenta

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14
Q

What is the difference between histiotrophic and haemotrophic nutrition?

A

Histiotrophic-nutrition provided to embryo not from maternal blood, important up to 12th week

Haemotrophic-nutrition provided by mother’s blood, important from 12th week on

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15
Q

What is the normal site of implantation?

A

Upper part of the body of uterus, most often on the posterior wall

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16
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Embryo attaches outside uterus (eg ovaries, in Fallopian tube, interstitial, abdomen etc)

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17
Q

What is a syncytiotrophoblast?

A

Epithelial covering of embryonic placental villi which invades wall of uterus for nutrient circulation between embryo and mother

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18
Q

What is a cytotrophoblast?

A

Inner layer of trophoblast

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19
Q

How does the yolk sac deliver nutrient to the developing embryo?

A

Attaches outside the embryo and delivers via primitive aorta

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20
Q

Which layers does the trophoblast differentiate into in the second week?

A

1) cytotrophoblast

2) syncytiotrophoblast

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21
Q

Which two layers does the embryoblast form in the second week?

A

1) epiblast

2) hypoblast

22
Q

Which two cavities does the hypoblast contribute to in the second week?

A

1) yolk sac

2) chorionic cavity

23
Q

What is a conceptus?

A

Product of conception but unsure whether it is an embryo or foetus

24
Q

True or false: the embryonic period is when all the major structures and systems are formed

A

TRUE

25
Q

Give examples of teratogenic agents which interfere with development

A

Thalidomide
Rubella
Warfarin

26
Q

What are the key events and processes in early development? (5)

A

1) fertilisation and implantation
2) gastrulation
3) neurulation
4) segmentation
5) folding

27
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Bilaminar disk is converted to trilaminar disk with three germ layers

28
Q

Which layers make up the bilaminar embryonic disk?

A

Epiblast

Hypoblast

29
Q

Which layers make up the trilaminar disk?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

30
Q

What does the ectoderm develop into?

A

Organs and structures that maintain contact with the outside world eg nervous system and epidermis

31
Q

What does the mesoderm develop into?

A

Supporting tissues eg muscle, cartilage, bone, vascular system

32
Q

What does the endoderm develop into?

A

Internal structures eg epithelial lining of GI tract, respiratory tract, parenchyma of glands

33
Q

What is situs inversus?

A

Complete mirror-image viscera, commonly resulting from immotile cilia

34
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

Two

35
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

Three

36
Q

What marks the start of the embryonic period?

A

Gastrulation

37
Q

How does gastrulation occur?

A

Primitive streak forms in the caudal epiblast, leading to migration and invagination of epiblast cells

38
Q

Why does gastrulation occur?

A

To ensure the correct placement of precursor tissues to allow subsequent morphogenetic to take place

39
Q

What is the notochord?

A

Structure that runs down the midline

40
Q

By which process does CNS development begin?

A

Neurulation

41
Q

What is the role of the notochord in neurulation?

A

Important signalling role-signals overlying ectoderm to thicken and directs its conversion to neurectoderm

42
Q

What are somites?

A

Organisation of paraxial mesoderm into body segments

43
Q

Where and when do the first pair of somites appear?

A

At day 20 in the occipital region (skull)

44
Q

How many somites are left in total at the end?

A

31

45
Q

What forms when the ventral wall of the somites breaks down?

A

Sclerotome

46
Q

What forms when the dorsal portion of the somites is organised?

A

Dermomyotome

47
Q

What are the somite derivatives? (3)

A

1) dermatome
2) myotome
3) sclerotome

48
Q

True or false: organisation of mesoderm into somites gives rise to non-repeating structures

A

FALSE - repeating structures such as vertebrae, ribs, intercostal muscles and spinal cord segments

49
Q

What is cephalocaudal folding driven by?

A

Growth of neural tube

50
Q

What is lateral folding driven by?

A

Growth of somites

51
Q

What does folding achieve? (3)

A

1) Draws together the margins of the disk, creating a ventral body wall.
2) Pulls amniotic membrane around the disk so that the embryo is suspended within the amniotic sac
3) Pulls connecting stalk centrally

52
Q

What occurs at the end of the fourth week of development?

A

Nervous system started to form
Segments appeared
Embryo folded

Semester 1-Body Logistics (20 decks)

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