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Semester 1-Body Logistics > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do? (9)

A
  1. Constrict pupils
  2. Stimulate saliva
  3. Slow heartbeat
  4. Constrict airways
  5. Stimulate activity of stomach
  6. Inhibit glucose release
  7. Stimulate intestinal activity
  8. Contract bladder
  9. Promote erection
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2
Q

What does the sympathetic system do? (10)

A
  1. Dilate pupils
  2. Inhibit salivation
  3. Increase heartbeat
  4. Relax airways
  5. Inhibit activity of stomach
  6. Stimulate glucose release
  7. Inhibit intestinal activity
  8. Secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline
  9. Relax bladder
  10. Promote ejaculation and vaginal contraction
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3
Q

True or false: sympathetic nerve fibres innervate all vessels except capillaries and precapillary sphincters which follow local control

A

TRUE

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4
Q

Complete the sentences:

Sympathetic division prioritises blood vessels to ______, _________ ________ and ______ in times of emergency. Blood vessels to skin _____________ to minimise bleeding if injury occurs during stress or exercise

A

Brain
Skeletal muscles
Heart
Vasoconstrict

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5
Q

What does venoconstriction increase?

A

Cardiac return

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6
Q

What are examples of neurocrine communication? (3)

A

Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Adrenal medulla

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7
Q

What are the major endocrine glands/organs? (9)

A 
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland 
Adrenal glands 
Gonads
Hypothalamus 
Pituitary gland
Thymus
Pancreas
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8
Q

What does the thymus produce that promotes T cell maturation?

A

Thymosin

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9
Q

What do hormones control and regulate? (5)

A
  1. Reproduction
  2. Metabolism
  3. Growth and development
  4. Body defences
  5. General homeostasis and water, nutrient and electrolyte balance of blood
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10
Q

Which is the point at which the CNS and endocrine system communicate?

A

Hypothalamus

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11
Q

What does the hypothalamus deal with? (7)

A
  1. Thermoregulation
  2. Plasma osmolality via osmoreceptors
  3. Heart rate and BP
  4. Feeding
  5. Sleep
  6. Emotion, sexual behaviour
  7. Lactation
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12
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce? (2)

A
  1. ADH and oxytocin (brings about contraction of uterus and release of milk)
  2. 6 hormones that travel via hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system to anterior pituitary (4 stimulatory, 2 inhibitory)
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13
Q

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophysis

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14
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary called?

A

Anterior

Posterior

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15
Q

Neurones that produce hormones are released from which lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Posterior

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16
Q

What are the two portal systems in humans?

A

Hepatic portal system

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

17
Q

Which hormone does the thyroid produce?

A

Thyroxin

18
Q

What is TRH?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

19
Q

What is TSH?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

20
Q

Which responses are involved in the ‘stress response’? (3)

A

Endocrine
Nervous
Immune

21
Q

Behavioural effects of the stress response include what? (4)

A

Increased awareness
Improved cognition
Euphoria
Enhanced analgesia

22
Q

What are the physiological adaptions initiated by activation of the stress response?

A

Increased CV tone
Increased resp rate
Intermediate metabolism
Inhibition of feeding, digestion, growth, reproduction and immunity

23
Q

Complete the sentence:

The principal effectors of the stress response are localised in the ___________, ________ lobe of the pituitary gland and the _________ gland

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior
Adrenal

24
Q

What are the adrenal cortical hormones? (2)

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

25
Q

What is the central portion of the adrenal gland called?

A

Medulla

26
Q

What is the central portion of the adrenal gland composed of?

A

Parenchyma of large, pale-staining epithelioid cells called chromaffin cells

27
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

Modified neurones

28
Q

Complete the sentences:

When nerve impulses carried by the sympathetic fibres reach the catecholamine-secreting chromaffin cells, they release their secretory products, ____________ and ______________. Therefore, chromaffin cells are considered the equivalent of _______________ neurones

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Postsynaptic

29
Q

Why are chromaffin cells considered as neurocrine secretion?

A

They are equivalent to postsynaptic neurones and secrete into the bloodstream

30
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline? (5)

A
  1. Glycogen breaks down to glucose
  2. Increased BP
  3. Increased breathing rate
  4. Increased metabolic rate
  5. Change in blood flow patterns, increased alertness and decreased digestive/excretory/reproductive active
31
Q

What does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin

32
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

Involved in control of circadian rhythm

33
Q

What inhibits melatonin release?

A

Light exposure

34
Q

What does melatonin inhibit?

A

Release of gonadotrophins (LH and FSH)

35
Q

True or false: the pineal gland calcifies in early adulthood and can be seen on skull x-rays

A

TRUE

Semester 1-Body Logistics (20 decks)

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