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Semester 1-Body Logistics > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What does myalgia mean?

A

Muscle pain

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2
Q

What does myasthenia mean?

A

Weakness of muscles

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3
Q

Define myocardium

A

Muscular component of the heart

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4
Q

Define myopathy

A

Any disease of the muscles

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5
Q

Define myoclonus

A

A sudden spasm of the muscles

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6
Q

Define sarcolemma

A

Outer membrane of muscle cell

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7
Q

Define sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of muscle cell

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8
Q

What are the two main classifications of muscle tissue?

A

Striated and non-striated

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9
Q

What are the two types of striated muscle?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

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10
Q

What is a type of non-striated muscle?

A

Smooth muscle

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11
Q

Where can red skeletal muscle typically be found?

A

Limb muscles
Postural muscles in back
Breast muscle of migrating birds

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12
Q

Where can white skeletal muscle be found?

A

Extraocular muscles
Muscles controlling fingers
Breast muscle of domestic hen

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13
Q

True or false: myoglobin is present in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle

A

FALSE - not present in smooth muscle

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14
Q

Which type of mammals have high amounts of myoglobin in their muscles and why?

A

Diving mammals to allow them to remain submerged for longer than air-breathing mammals

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15
Q

What is a perimysium?

A

Connective tissue carrying nerves and blood vessels

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16
Q

When does muscle atrophy occur?

A

Destruction > replacement

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17
Q

When does muscle hypertrophy occur?

A

Replacement > destruction

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of disuse atrophy?

A

Limb immobilisation
Sedentary behaviour
Bed rest

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19
Q

What causes disuse atrophy?

A

Loss of protein -> reduced fibre diameter -> loss of power

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20
Q

How can muscle loss be resisted?

A

Exercise

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21
Q

How is muscle length increased?

A

Frequent stretching

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22
Q

Complete the sentence:

Skeletal muscles are composed of _________, composed of muscle fibres, composed of ___________, composed of myofilaments (______ and ______).

A

Fascicles
Myofibrils
Actin and myosin

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23
Q

Which three molecules make up the thin filaments of skeletal and cardiac muscle?

A

Actin
Tropomyosin
Troponin

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24
Q

What are troponin assays used as a marker for?

A

Cardiac ischaemia

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25
Q

What is an important enzyme in metabolically active tissues like muscle?

A

Creatine kinase (CK)

26
Q

CK used to be measured to diagnose what?

A

Myocardial infarction

27
Q

CK is an enzyme released into the blood by damaged skeletal muscle and the brain. What can a rise in plasma CK result from? (6)

A 
Intramuscular injection 
Vigorous physical exercise 
A fall (elderly)
Rhabdomyolysis (severe muscle breakdown)
Muscular dystrophy 
Acute kidney injury
28
Q

Describe the structure of a thin skeletal muscle filament

A

Actin filament forms a helix
Tropomyosin molecules coil around the actin helix, reinforcing it.
Troponin complex is attached to each tropomyosin molecule

29
Q

Which troponin subunit does ionic calcium bind to in order to result in muscle contraction?

A

TnC

30
Q

What is rigor configuration?

A

Myosin head tightly bound to actin molecule

31
Q

Complete the sentences:

Hydrolysis of ___ causes the uncoupled myosin head to bend and advance a short distance (___). The myosin head bends weakly to the _____ filament, causing release of _________ _________ which strengthens the binding and causes myosin head to return to its former position. ___ binds to myosin head and causes detachment from actin.

A 
ATP
5nm
Actin
Inorganic phosphate 
ATP
32
Q

What are the two ways in which muscle tissues can increase in size?

A
  1. Enlargement of their individual cells = hypertrophy

2. Multiplication of cell = hyperplasia

33
Q

What does ANP stand for?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

34
Q

What are natriuretic peptides?

A

Peptide hormones that are synthesised by the heart, brain and other organs.

35
Q

What stimulates the release of natriuretic peptides by the heart?

A

Atrial and ventricular distension/swelling (in response to heart failure)

36
Q

What are the main physiological actions of natriuretic peptides?

A

Reduce arterial pressure by decreasing blood volume and systemic vascular resistance.

37
Q

When is ANP released?

A

When the heart is stretched

38
Q

Where is ANP synthesised, stored and released?

A

Atrial myocytes

39
Q

When are elevated levels of ANP found?

A

During hypervolemic states which occur in congestive heart failure

40
Q

What does BNP stand for?

A

Brain-type natriuretic peptide

41
Q

Where is BNP synthesised?

A

Ventricles (also brain)

42
Q

What does NT-pro-BNP stand for?

A

N-terminal pro-BNP

43
Q

BNP and NT-pro-BNP are sensitive diagnostic markers for which condition?

A

Heart failure

44
Q

What role do natriuretic peptides play in the kidneys?

A

Promote the release of Na

45
Q

Complete the sentence:

Natriuretic peptides serve as a counter-regulatory system for the _____-___________-___________ system

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

46
Q

Purkinje fibres are large cells with what? (3)

A
  1. Abundant myoglobin
  2. Sparse myofilaments
  3. Extensive gap junction sites
47
Q

What are smooth muscle cells shaped like?

A

Spindle-shaped (fusiform) with a central nucleus

48
Q

True or false: smooth muscle contraction relies of actin-myosin interactions

A

TRUE

49
Q

True or false: smooth muscle cells may remain contracted for hours or days

A

TRUE

50
Q

Complete the sentence:

Smooth muscle often forms ___________ _____ of passageways or cavities

A

Contractile walls

51
Q

Where can smooth muscle be found?

A

Gut
Respiratory tract
Genitourinary system

52
Q

True or false: smooth muscle is voluntary

A

FALSE - involuntary

53
Q

Which disorders can smooth muscle be of clinical significance in?

A 
High BP (primary hypertension)
Dysmenorrhea 
Asthma
Atherosclerosis 
Abnormal gut mobility (IBS)
Detrusor muscle instability
54
Q

Which two types of cells can modified smooth muscle cells occur singly as?

A

Myoepithelial

Myofibroblast

55
Q

Where can myoepithelial cells be found?

A

Form a basket work around secretory units of some exocrine glands (sweat, salivary and mammary glands). Also in ocular iris and they contract to dilate the pupil

56
Q

Where can myofibroblasts be found?

A

Sites of wound healing and tooth eruption

57
Q

Complete the sentence:

Most smooth muscle cells are innervated by __________ nervous system fibres that release their neurotransmitters from ____________ into a wide ___________ ______.

A

Autonomic
Varicosities
Synaptic cleft

58
Q

True or false: skeletal muscle cells can divide

A

FALSE - cannot divide but tissue can regenerate by mitotic activity of satellite cells so hyperplasia follows muscle injury

59
Q

What happens when cardiac muscle is damaged?

A

Cardiac muscle is incapable of regeneration and following damage, fibroblasts invade, divide and lay down scar tissue

60
Q

True or false: smooth muscle cells retain their mitotic activity and can form new smooth muscle cells

A

TRUE

61
Q

Where is the ability of smooth muscle cells being able to retain their mitotic activity evident?

A

In the pregnant uterus where the muscle wall becomes thicker by hypertrophy and by hyperplasia of individual cells

Semester 1-Body Logistics (20 decks)

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