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Semester 1-Body Logistics > Epithelial Tissue And Exocrine Glands > Flashcards

Epithelial Tissue And Exocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Where are mucous membranes found?(3)

A

Alimentary tract
Respiratory tract
Urinary tract

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2
Q

What do mucous membranes consist of? (3)

A
  1. Epithelium lining lumen of the tube
  2. Adjacent layer of CT (lamina propria)
  3. In alimentary tract, third layer consists of smooth muscle cells called muscularis mucosae
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3
Q

What is often present in the lamina propria?

A

Aggregations of lymphocytes (Peyer’s patches)

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4
Q

What is the difference between mucous and serous membranes?

A

Mucous membranes line cavities that open directly to the exterior whereas serous membranes line closed-body cavities (do not open to exterior)

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5
Q

True or false: serous membranes envelop the viscera

A

TRUE

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6
Q

What is viscera?

A

Internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially those in the abdomen

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7
Q

What do serous membranes line that envelops the abdominal organs?

A

Peritoneum

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8
Q

What do serous membranes line that envelop the lungs?

A

Pleural sacs

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9
Q

What do serous membranes line that envelops the heart?

A

Pericardial sacs

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10
Q

Complete the sentence:

Serous membranes secrete ___________ _____ which promotes relatively friction-free movement of structures they surround.

A

Lubricating fluid

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11
Q

What do serous membranes consist of? (2)

A
  1. Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) which secretes a watery lubricating fluid
  2. Thin layer of CT which attaches epithelium to adjacent tissues (also carries blood vessels and nerves)
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12
Q

How do the heart, lungs and gut become surrounded by serous membrane during embryonic development?

A

They develop next to a bag-like cavity into which they invaginate (turned inside out or folded back on itself to form a cavity or pouch)

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13
Q

What is the name given to the serosa that forms the outer wall of the cavity?

A

Parietal serosa

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14
Q

What is the name of the serosa that covers the organ?

A

Visceral serosa

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15
Q

Name an exterior surface lined with epithelium

A

Skin

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16
Q

What is epithelium?

A

Sheets of contiguous (touching) cells, of varied embryonic origin, that cover external surfaces of the body and line internal surfaces

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17
Q

Name interior spaces which do not open to the exterior that are lined with epithelium

A 
Pericardial sac
Pleural sacs
Peritoneum
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
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18
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

The name given to the thin, flexible, acellular layer which lies between epithelial cells and subtending CT

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19
Q

What does the basement membrane consist of?

A

Basal lamina which is laid down by epithelial cells and therefore lies closest to them

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20
Q

How can the thickness of the basement membrane be increased?

A

By a thick layer of reticular fibrils (type III collagen), elaborated by subtending CT

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21
Q

True or false: the basement membrane serves as a strong flexible layer to which epithelial cells adhere

A

TRUE

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22
Q

Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?(5)

A
  1. Lining of blood and lymph vessels (endothelium)
  2. Lining of body cavities - pericardium, pleura and peritoneum (mesothelium)
  3. Gas exchange epithelium (pulmonary alveoli)
  4. Bowman’s capsule (kidney)
  5. Loop of Henle (kidney)
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23
Q

What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium? (4)

A
  1. Lubrication (pericardium, pleura, peritoneum)
  2. Gas exchange (alveoli)
  3. Barrier (Bowman’s capsule)
  4. Active transport by pinocytosis (mesothelium and endothelium)
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24
Q

Define pinocytosis

A

Ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane

25
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found? (4)

A
  1. Thyroid follicles
  2. Small ducts of many exocrine glands
  3. Kidney tubules
  4. Surface of ovary (germinal epithelium)
26
Q

What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium? (4)

A
  1. Absorption and conduit (exocrine glands)
  2. Absorption and secretion (kidney tubule)
  3. Barrier/covering (ovary)
  4. Hormone synthesis, storage and mobilisation (thyroid)
27
Q

What do the epithelial cells do in the thyroid?

A

Synthesis thyroxine, store it in the colloid and transport it to the bloodstream

28
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found? (7)

A
  1. Stomach lining and gastric glands
  2. Small intestine and colon
  3. Gall bladder
  4. Large ducts of some exocrine glands
  5. Oviducts
  6. Uterus
  7. Ductili efferentes of testis
29
Q

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium? (4)

A
  1. Absorption (SI and colon, gall bladder)
  2. Secretion (stomach lining and gastric glands, SI and colon)
  3. Lubrication (SI and colon)
  4. Transport (oviduct)
30
Q

What are the crypts of Lieberkühn?

A

Intestinal glands

31
Q

Where is pseudostratified epithelium found? (5)

A
  1. Lining of nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi
  2. Epididymis (duct behind testis along which sperm passes to the vas deferens) and ductus deferens
  3. Auditory tube and part of tympanic cavity (small cavity surrounding bones of middle ear)
  4. Lacrimal sac (tears)
  5. Large excretory ducts
32
Q

What are the functions of pseudostratified epithelium? (4)

A
  1. Secretion and conduit (resp tract, ductus deferens)
  2. Absorption (epididymis)
  3. Mucus secretion (resp tract)
  4. Particle trapping and removal (resp tract)
33
Q

Complete the sentence:

The cilia beat at __Hz within a watery solution exuded by the epithelium. Above this is a ____________ _______ _______, secreted by goblet cells which immobilises particles and lubricates their passage to the pharynx where they are swallowed.

A

12

Viscoelastic mucous blanket

34
Q

Where is stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium found? (7)

A
  1. Oral cavity
  2. Oesophagus
  3. Larynx
  4. Vagina
  5. Part of anal canal
  6. Surface of cornea
  7. Inner surface of eyelid
35
Q

What are the functions of stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium? (2)

A
  1. Protection against abrasion (all sites)

2. Reduces water loss but remains moist (all sites)

36
Q

Why are stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium cells rich in glycogen and when do they atrophy?

A

It is a substrate for numerous lactobacilli which produce lactic acid and thereby maintain a suitably low pH.
They atrophy in the absence of hormonal stimulation (pre-puberty and menopause)

37
Q

Where is stratified squamous keratinised epithelium found? (2)

A
  1. Surface of skin

2. Limited distribution in oral cavity

38
Q

What are the functions of stratified squamous keratinised epithelium? (4)

A
  1. Protection against abrasion and physical trauma
  2. Prevents water loss
  3. Prevents ingress of microbes
  4. Shields against UV light damage
39
Q

What are the four layers of the epidermis?

A 
Horny layer (stratum corneum)
Granular layer (stratum granulosum)
Prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum)
Basal layer (stratum basale)
40
Q

Where does keratinocyte mitosis occur?

A

Basal layer of the epidermis

41
Q

Complete the sentence:

Daughter keratinocytes move upwards from the _____ layer to form the __________ ____ layer, where terminal differentiation begins and keratinocytes lose their ability to divide

A

Basal

Prickle cell

42
Q

What is the main constituent of hair and nails?

43
Q

What are the abrupt changes that occur in the granular layer?

A

Keratinocytes lose their plasma membrane

Keratinocytes begin differentiating into corneocytes

44
Q

What are the main cells of the stratum corneum called?

A

Corneocytes

45
Q

What does the granular layer contain?

A

Keratohyalin granules

46
Q

Keratohyalin granules are aggregations of what? (3)

A
  1. Keratins
  2. Other fibrous proteins (eg filaggrin, involucrin)
  3. Enzymes which degrade phospholipid bilayer (phospholipase) and cross-link proteins
47
Q

What does filaggrin do?

A

Aggregates keratins

48
Q

What does involucrin do?

A

Forms major part of corneocyte envelope

49
Q

What is the transit time of a keratinocyte from the basal layer to the stratum corneum?

A

28-40 days

50
Q

What are the two other types of cell in the epidermis?

A

Melanocytes

Langerhans cells

51
Q

Where are transitional epithelium cells found? (4)

A
  1. Renal calyces
  2. Ureters
  3. Bladder
  4. Urethra
52
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium? (2)

A
  1. Distensibility

2. Protection of underlying tissue from toxic chemicals

53
Q

What is a gland?

A

Epithelial cell or collection of cells specialised for secretion

54
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine-glands with ducts

Endocrine-ductless glands which secrete into the bloodstream

55
Q

What are the three methods of discharge by a gland?

A
  1. Merocrine (exocytosis-vast majority of glands)
  2. Apocrine (secreted droplets covered by plasmalemma)
  3. Holocrine (whole cell breaks down)
56
Q

Which cells assist the secretion of milk from acini?

A

Myoepithelial cells

57
Q

What are the three major salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

58
Q

True or false: the pancreas is an exocrine and endocrine gland

Semester 1-Body Logistics (20 decks)

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