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pathophysiology > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

common clinical manifestations of pulmonary diseases

A
  • dyspnea
  • cough
  • sputum
  • pain
  • clubbing of nail beds
  • cyanosis
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2
Q

cheyne stokes

A
  • commonly seen at the end of life or neurological cancers

- increased breath and then stop

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3
Q

kussmal breathing

A

big breaths with no pause

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4
Q

respiratory system structure and function - infant and child

A
  • obligatory nose breather (first 4wks)
  • airway is shorter and narrower
  • neck muscles and trachea is less developed
  • increase o2 consumption
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5
Q

hypercapnia

A
  • excess co2 in bloodstream
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6
Q

hypercapnia - cause

A

failure to remove CO2 adequately

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7
Q

hypercapnia - pH

A

low - acidosis

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8
Q

hypercapnia - clinical manifestations

A
  • flushed skin

- hard time breathing

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9
Q

hypoxemia

A

low O2 in blood

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10
Q

hypoxemia - cause

A

failure to oxygenate adequately

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11
Q

hypoxemia - clinical manifestations

A

cyanic blue

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12
Q

shunt

A

blood but no air

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13
Q

dead space

A

air but no blood

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14
Q

respiratory failure

A
  • hypoxemic respiratory failure

- hypercapnia respiratory failure

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15
Q

hypoxemic respiratory failure

A

failure to oxygenate adequately

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16
Q

hypercapnic respiratory failure

A

failure to remove carbon dioxide adequately

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17
Q

PaO2

A

equal or less than 50 mmHg

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18
Q

PCO2

A

> = 50 mmHg

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19
Q

pH

A

equal or less than 7.25

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20
Q

disorders of lung inflation

A
  • pneumothorax
  • atelectasis
  • pulmonary edema
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21
Q

pneumothorax

A
  • air enter the pleural space
  • lung collapses inwards
  • can be introduced by stab wound or blister on lung tissue
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22
Q

tension pneumothorax

A
  • air enters pleural space but cannot exit
  • compresses hear and other lung
  • life threatening
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23
Q

atelectasis

A
  • collapse of alveoli

- to keep open you encourage people to breath deeply

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24
Q

pulmonary edema

A
  • accumulation of water in the alveoli
  • heart failure
  • inflammation
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25
Q

disorders due to infection

A
  • influenza
  • pneumonia
  • bronchitis
  • tuberculosis
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26
Q

influenza

A
  • viral infection (A,B,C)
  • annual epidemic
  • initially upper airway infection
  • lower respiratory tract
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27
Q

influenza - upper airway tract infection

A

kills mucous-secreting, ciliated cells

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28
Q

influenza - lower respiratory tract

A

shedding of bronchial and alveolar cells

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29
Q

pneumonia

A
  • inflammation of alveoli/bronchioles
  • categorized based on origin and type of presentation
  • distribution in the lungs
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30
Q

inflammation of alveoli/bronchioles

A

infectious (bacteria, virus) or non-infectious (aspiration) causes

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31
Q

categorized based on origin

A
  • community acquired

- hospital acquired

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32
Q

type of presentation

A

typical vs. atypical

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33
Q

distribution in the lung

A
  • lobar

- bronchopneumonia

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34
Q

red hepatization

A
  • red blood cells going into alveoli
  • damage to capillary and alveoli
  • shortness of breath
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35
Q

Gray hepatization

A

RBC breakdown and become break

36
Q

pneumococcal pneumonia - risk factors

A
  • age
  • smoking
  • immunosuppression
  • altered level of consciousness
    difficulty swallowing
37
Q

pneumonia - clinical manifestations (7)

A
  • fever
  • increased WBC
  • increased respiratory rate
  • increase heart rate
  • O2 down, CO2 up
  • cough
  • shortness of breath
38
Q

pneumococcal pneumonia - primary level of prevention

A
  • vaccinations

- good hand wash practices

39
Q

pneumococcal pneumonia - secondary level of prevention

A
  • early recognition of S & S
40
Q

pneumococcal pneumonia - tertiary level of prevention

A
  • antibiotics

- supportive treatment

41
Q

acute bronchiolitis/ RSV

A
  • actue infection or inflammation of lower airways
  • common in infants and toddlers
  • due to a viral illness caused by RSV
  • reoccurs as infection does not confer immunity
42
Q

bronchiolitis (RSV)

A
  • mucous formation that blocks airways
43
Q

bronchiolitis (RSV) - clinical manifestations

A
  • wheezing, lung crackles, cyanosis, tachypnea, in drawing
44
Q

in drwaing

A

sucking in at the ribs in young children because of small airways it is easy to become blocked

45
Q

tuberculosis transmittion

A

through air

46
Q

primary tuberculosis

A
  • inhalation
  • 95% if exposed TB will become dormant
  • granuloma formed and infected tissue within dies
47
Q

caseous necrosis

A
  • cell death

- tissue “cheese-like”

48
Q

secondary TB

A
  • reinfection or reactivation of primary
  • caseous granulomas rupture
  • bacilli spread into lungs or other organs via blood or lymphatic vessels
  • anything that affects immune system can reactivate dormant TB
49
Q

TB - clinical manifestations

A
  • fatigue
  • weight loss & anorexia
  • fever
  • night sweats
  • suptum
  • dyspnea
  • hemoptysis
50
Q

TB - can affect

A

more than the lungs

51
Q

disorders due to obstruction

A
  • asthma
  • chronic bronchitis
  • emphysema
52
Q

chronic obstruction pulmonary disease

A

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

53
Q

During obstruction breathing ___ is harder than normal

A
  • out

- When we breath out the bronchitis contracts and the air ways get smaller and the air can’t get through

54
Q

obstruction lung disease

A
  • trouble breathing out
  • air trapping
  • hyperinflation of lungs
55
Q

asthma

A
  • hypertrophy of smooth muscles
  • bronochospasms
  • deem of bronchiole walls
  • increased number of mucous producing cells
56
Q

Asthma - involved cell type

A
  • IgE and mast cells

- type I

57
Q

asthma - prevalence

A

increasing in frequency globally

58
Q

asthma - clinical manifestations

A
  • dyspnea
  • high bp
  • cough/ wheezing
  • increased respiratory rate
  • hypercapnia
  • hypoxemia
59
Q

asthma treatment - long term

A
  • minimized exposure to triggers
  • peak flow monitors
  • corticosteroids (inhaled or oral)
  • mast cells stabilizers
  • IgE inhibitors
60
Q

asthma treatment - quick relief

A
  • beta 2 agonists

- anticholinergic inhalers

61
Q

status asthmaticus

A
  • life threatening asthmatic attack and does not respond to normal treatment
  • inability to speak, confusion, accessory muscle use, SOB, decreased wheezing
62
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A
  • chronic inflammation of bronchi (at least 3 months for 2 years)
  • bronchial edema
  • increased # of mucous glands (increase mucous production)
63
Q

Chronic bronchitis - cause

A

exposure to cigarette smoke, air pollution and infections

64
Q

emphysema

A
  • permanent damage to terminal bronchioles and alveoli
  • destruction of walls between alveoli and capillary beds
  • floppy terminal bronchioles
  • loss of elasticity of alveoli
  • crease surface area for gas exchange
65
Q

emphysema - aetiology

A
  • smoking and chronic exposure to environment irritants

- genetic

66
Q

chronic bronchitis and emphysema - clinical manifestations

A
  • cough
  • wheezing
  • dyspnea
  • hypoxemia
  • hypercapnia
  • barrel chest
67
Q

Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema - Complications

A
  • pulmonary hypertension

- right-sided heart failure

68
Q

disorders due to neoplasia

A
  • can affect any part of the respiratory system

- focus: lung cancer

69
Q

lung cancer

A
  • bronchogenic carcinoma
  • most common cause if cigarette smoking
  • second hand smoking
  • genetic
  • environmental factors
70
Q

lung cancer - tumour types

A
  • non-small cell lung cancer (85%)

- small cell carcinoma (15%)

71
Q

non-small cell lung cancer

A
  • adenocarinoma: most common
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • larger cell carcinoma
72
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

glandular cancers

73
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

central

74
Q

larger cell carcinoma

A

anaplastics, grow rapidly

75
Q

small cell carcinoma

A
  • grow rapidly and aggressively
  • metastasize early
  • produce hormones
  • worst prognosis
76
Q

lung cancer - evaluation and treatment

A
  • TNM classification (node, tumor, metastasis)

- surgery, chemo, radiation

77
Q

Disorder due to genetics

A

cystic fibrosis

78
Q

cystic fibrosis

A
  • autosomal recessive

- most affects lungs but also sweat glans, pancreas and GI

79
Q

CF: etiology

A
  • the same mutation on a single gene on chromosome #7
  • affects production and function of protein
  • results in irregualar Na+, Cl- and HCO3-
80
Q

CF clinical manifestations

A
  • salt on skin surface
  • dehydrated think mucus in lungs
  • impaired exocrine pancreatic function
81
Q

CF effect on lungs

A
  • increase mucous, plugging of airways, decreased cilia mobility and chronic inflammation
82
Q

CF effect on lungs - Recurrent lung infections and colonization with

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus

83
Q

CF diagnosis

A
  • cough, recurrent pneumonia, wheezing
  • altered GI
  • sweat test
  • genotyping in new borns
84
Q

GI treatment

A
  • nutrition, enzyme replacement

- lung transplant

85
Q

pulmonary vascular disorder

A
  • most commonly occurs 2nd to a close in deep veins of legs

- also because of tissue fragments fats

86
Q

pulmonary vascular disorder - risk factors

A

immobility, increased coagulation, injury to endothelium

pathophysiology (16 decks)

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