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pathophysiology > immune response > Flashcards

immune response Flashcards

1
Q

third line of defence: characteristics

A
  • specificity
  • memory
  • inducible
  • self-tolerance
  • two arms
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2
Q

specificity

A

pathogen specific response

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3
Q

memory

A

long term protection

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4
Q

inducible

A

vaccinations

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5
Q

self-tolerance

A

identifies substances that are self

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6
Q

two areas

A

humoral

cellular

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7
Q

Humoral (antibody mediated)

A

B cells
produces antibodies
bacteria and viruses

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8
Q

Cellular

A
  • T cells
  • reacts directly with antigen (protein) on cell surface
  • viruses and cancer cells
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9
Q

hypersensitive

A
  • excessive or inappropriate immune response that results in disease of damage to the host
  • includes allergy, autoimmunity and alloimmunity
  • may be either antibody mediated or cell mediated
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10
Q

allergy

A

harmful effects of hypersensitivity to environmental antigens

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11
Q

autoimmunity

A

disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens

  • breakdown of self-tolerance
  • body recognizes self-antigen as foreign
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12
Q

alloimmunity

A

immune reaction to tissue of another indiviual

ex.transplant

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13
Q

type 1

A

IgE mediated/ mast cells drgranulate

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14
Q

type 2

A

IgM, IgG mediated

antigen-antibody complex forms on the cell

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15
Q

type 3

A

IgM, IgG mediated

antigen-antibody complexes formed in circulation and later deposited in different tissues

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16
Q

type 4

A

cell mediated (T cells)

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17
Q

type 1 allergy

A
  • against environmental antigens
  • IgE binds to receptors on surface of mast cells
  • subsequent exposure: histamine
  • typical allergens include pollens, molds, fungi, foods, animals and house dust
  • skin, respiratory and GI tract have a large number of mast cells
18
Q

type 1 manifestations

A 
itching
urticaria (hives)
conjunctivitis 
rhinitis 
edema
GI cramps and malabsorption
19
Q

type 1 anaphylactic reaction

A
  • genetic disposition
  • life threatening allergic reaction (wheezing, hypotension and GI)
    RX.main: epinephrine other: coricosteriods and antihistamine
20
Q

type 2

A
  • immune response to proteins only on certain cell’s membranes
  • cells are lysed or phagocytize
21
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

occurs with a mom who is Rh- and baby is Rh+
- during delivery of first baby, mom exposed to Rh factor
- injection of Rh immune during pregnancy to prevent formation of antibodies
- if antibodies do form:
mild - jaundice
severe - miscarriages

22
Q

type 3 autoimmunity

A
  • lupus
  • arthus reaction (localized)
  • serum sickness
23
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A
  • antigen-antibody complexes form and circulate in plasma
  • complexes are then deposited in various tissues and organs
  • skin, muscle and bone, heart, kidney, lungs, reproductive organs and nerves
  • common in females
  • butterfly rash
24
Q

type 4 transplant rejection

A

can be prevented by:
- tissue typing (HLA)
- immunosuppressive techniques
(corticosteroids, cytotoxic, anti-lymphocyte serum)

25
Q

immune deficiencies

A
  • inefficient immune responce mechanisms of self-defence
  • primary or secondary
  • b cell or t cell
26
Q

clinical hallmark of immune deficiencies

A

unusual, recurrent or severe infections

  • complete blood count with WBD differential
  • immunoglobin measurement
  • CD4, CD8
27
Q

Primary deficiency

A

DiGeorge Syndrome

28
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome

A
  • partial lack of thymus
  • structural defects in heart and aorta
  • distinctive facial characteristics
29
Q

secondary (acquired) deficiencies

A
  • more common than primary deficiencies

- normal physiology conditions/aging

30
Q

General treatment for immunodeficiencies

A
  • gamma globulin therapy
  • transplantation
    (bone marrow, thymus transplantation, stem cell)
31
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

caused by HIV

  • depleted the body’s CD4 T-helper cells
  • CD4 t cells needed for development of both plasma cells (antibodies) and cytotoxic T cells
32
Q

AIDS/HIV

A

effective antiviral therapies have made AIDS/HIV a chronic disease

33
Q

AIDS/HIV epidemiology

A
  • blood-borne pathogen transmitted through sexual contact, blood to blood contract and through placenta, contract with blood at birth, or through breastfeeding
  • increasing faster in woman than men
34
Q

HIV stages

A
  • acute infection
  • clinical latency
  • AIDS
35
Q

stage: acute infections

A
  • within 2-4 weeks of infection
  • flu-like symptoms
  • antibody usually appears within 4-7 weeks of exposure
    (can remain zero-negative 6-14 months)
36
Q

stage: Clinical latency

A
  • asymptomatic

- with treatment, may last several decades

37
Q

stage: AIDS

A

vulnerable to infections and cancers

38
Q

HIV diagnosis

A

presence of the virus

decreased CD4 T-helper cells

39
Q

AIDS diagnosis

A

opportunistic infections and cancers

40
Q

stress and immune response

A
  • stress directly influences immunity
  • direct innervation to thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphoid tissue and bone marrow
  • increased cortisol, norepinephrine and epinephrine secretion during stress
41
Q

increased chemicals cause

A
  • cause atrophy of the thymus T cells (less resistance to infections, cancer)
  • increases antibody response B cell (increased allergy and autoimmune responses)
  • may enhance or suppress inflammatory response (different stressors have variable effects)

pathophysiology (16 decks)

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