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pathophysiology > cerebrovascular and infectious disorder > Flashcards

cerebrovascular and infectious disorder Flashcards

1
Q

cerebrovascular disorders

A
  • interruption of blood flow to the brain
  • temporary or long-lasting
  • similar to blood flow to heart
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2
Q

transient ischemic attack

A
  • transient interruption of perfusion to brain
  • “TIA”
  • warning of impending stroke
  • interruption to the brain: short term
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3
Q

stroke: def

A

ischemia to the brain to the extent that neutrons die

- “brain attack”

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4
Q

stroke: prevalene

A

about every 10 mins, 3rd leading cause of death

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5
Q

stroke: types

A
  • ischemic

- hemorrhagic

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6
Q

ischemic stroke

A
  • obstruction go blood flow

- 80% of all strokes

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7
Q

ischemic stokes - 2 types

A
  • thrombotic

- embolic

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8
Q

thrombotic

A
  • blood clot blocks flow

- related to atherosclerosis

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9
Q

thrombotic - risk factors

A
  • smoking
  • hypertension
  • dyslipidemia
  • high cholesterol
  • inactivity
  • diabetes
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10
Q

embolic “thromboembolic”

A
  • bits of lot from elsewhere

- usually comes from the heart with a particular heart rhythm

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11
Q

ischemic stroke: pathophysisology

A
  • sensitive to change in o2
  • atherosclerosis
  • secondary injury
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12
Q

secondary injury in stroke

A
  • cell injury, inflammation, edema ischemis

- infraction of brain tissue due to lack of blood flow

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13
Q

ischemic stroke: treatment

A
  • need CT first

- possible fibrinolytic “clot busters”

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14
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A
  • 20% of stokes

- vessels in the brain that rupture

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15
Q

hemorrhagic stroke - types

A
  • subarachnoid

- intercerebral

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16
Q

hemorrhagic - risk factors

A
  • hypertension
  • cerebral aneurysms
  • arteriovenous malformation
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17
Q

arteriovenous malformation

A
  • missing capillaries

- risk for bleeding because there is such a pressure change

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18
Q

hemorrhagic stroke: management

A
  • aneurysm
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19
Q

stroke: manifestations (five warning signs)

A
  • weakness
  • trouble speaking
  • vision problems
  • headache
  • dizziness
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20
Q

stroke: manifestations (quick assessment)

A
  • FAST
  • facial drupe
  • arm drift
  • speech
  • time to call 911
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21
Q

stroke: sequelae

A

out of 100 stroke patients:

  • 15 die
  • 10 recover completely
  • 25 recover w/ minor impairment
  • 40 severe imparment
  • require long term care
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22
Q

left cerebrum - if stroke

A
  • motor deficit on opposite side
  • pupils change same side
  • reading
  • talking
  • learning new memories
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23
Q

right cerebrum - if stroke

A
  • motor deficit on opposite side
  • pupils change same side
  • left-sided neglect (25%)
24
Q

brain stem - if stroke

A

vital functions

25
Q

cerebellum - if stroke

A
  • balance

- co-ordination

26
Q

aphasia - types

A
  • wernicke’s aphasia
  • broca’s aphasia
  • global aphasia
27
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A

unable to understand spoken or written language

28
Q

broca’s aphasia

A

missing connecting words

29
Q

prosopagnosia

A

face blindness

30
Q

stroke: other complications

A
  • aphasia
  • prosopagnosia
  • foreign accent syndrome
31
Q

stroke: levels of prevention

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
32
Q

primary prevention

A
  • smoking
  • hypertention
  • dyslipidemia
33
Q

secondary prevention

A

FAST

34
Q

tertiary prevention

A
  • ischemic stroke (clot busters)

- hemorrhagic storke (surgery to stop bleeding)

35
Q

CNS infection: classifications

A
  • meningitis

- encephalitis

36
Q

meningitis

A

meningitis and CSF

37
Q

encephalitis

A

the brain parenchyma (brain tissue)

- most commonly cause by mosquito viruses

38
Q

meningitis: types

A
  • categorized by organism

- categorized by onset

39
Q

catergorized by type of organism

A
  • bacterial
  • viral
  • fungal
40
Q

categorized by onset

A
  • actue

- chronic

41
Q

meningitis: bacterial

A
  • rapid onset
  • high mortality rate (25-100%)
  • organisms vary
42
Q

bacterial meningitis: manifestations

A
  • meningeal signs
  • infectious signs
  • neurological signs
43
Q

meningeal signs

A
  • kerning’s sign
  • brudzinski’s signs
  • nuchal rigidity
44
Q

infectious signs

A
  • fever, tachycardia, chills etc

- lumbar puncture to culture CSF

45
Q

neurological signs

A
  • increased inter-cranial pressure signs
46
Q

kernig’s sign

A
  • can’t straighten leg

- stiffness in leg

47
Q

brudzinski’s sign

A

if you bring the head up the legs will follow

48
Q

meningitis: viral

A
  • most tend to be enteroviruses
  • mumps
  • herpes 1 and 2
  • epstein barr virus
  • influenza A and B
49
Q

viral meningitis: manifestations

A
  • much milder
50
Q

viral meningitis: treatment

A

antiviral, supportive, corticosteroids

51
Q

meningitis: complications

A
  • hydrocephalus
52
Q

hydrocephalus

A
  • water on the brain
  • excess cerebrospinal fluid
  • congenital or acquired
  • communicating or non-communicating
  • flow is the same, amount is excessive
53
Q

communicating

A

impaired absorption or overproduction of CSF

  • infection
  • head injury
  • tumour
54
Q

non-communicating

A

obstruction of CSF flow between ventricles

  • congenital abnormality
  • compression by a tumour
55
Q

congenital hydrocephalus

A
  • causes enlargement of head

- shunts to drain CSF

pathophysiology (16 decks)

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