neoplasia

Question 1

cellular adaptation

Answer 1

• hypertrophy
• atrophy
• hyperplasia
• metaplasia
• dysplasia
• neoplasia

Question 2

neoplasm

Answer 2

• new growth or tumour

- can be malignant

Question 3

benign (6)

Answer 3

• cells well differentiated
• grow slowly
• invasive
• encapsulated
• does not metastasize
• local effects

Question 4

malignant (6)

Answer 4

• poorly differentiated
• grow rapidly
• generalize effects
• metastasize
• non-encapsulated
• invasive

Question 5

A for

Answer 5

asymmetry

Question 6

b for

Answer 6

border

Question 7

c for

Answer 7

colour

Question 8

d for

Answer 8

diameter

Question 9

e for

Answer 9

evolving

Question 10

carcinoma in situ

Answer 10

pre-invasive epithelia malignant tutor that has not broken through the basement membrane or invaded the surrounding

Question 11

classification and nomenclature (order of tumour spread)

Answer 11

• normal
• dysplasia
• in situ neoplasm
• invasive neoplasm

Question 12

classification and staging of tumour spread

Answer 12

T - tumor
N - nod
M - metastasize
higher the number the worst it is

Question 13

characteristics of cancer cells

Answer 13

• anaplasia

- autonomy

Question 14

anaplasia

Answer 14

cancer cells are primitive and can divide quickly

Question 15

autonomy

Answer 15

develop independence from normal cells controls such as apoptosis, cohesiveness and stoppage of growth upon contact with neighbouring cells

Question 16

mutations in genes that control cell growth, replication and repair

Answer 16

• tumor suppressor genes (brakes)
• genes controlling apoptosis
• DNA repair genes
• proto-oncogenes (accelerators)
• angiogenesis-promoting genes

Question 17

angiogenesis

Answer 17

develop their own blood supply

Question 18

risk factors to cancers

Answer 18

• biological (age, gender, heredity, hormones)

- lifestyle and environmental

Question 19

lifestyle and environmental risk factors to cancer

Answer 19

• tobacco
• alcohol
• sexual reproductive behavior
• ionizing radiation
• ultraviolet

Question 20

tobacco

Answer 20

• multipotent carcinogenic mixture

- linked to cancer of the lungs, lower UT, digestive tract, liver, kidney, pancreas, cervis, uterus

Question 21

alcohol

Answer 21

• risk of oral, hypo pharynx, esophagus and liver cancer

- cigarette/ alcohol combination increases risk

Question 22

sexual behaviour

Answer 22

• ages of first and number increases risk of HPV

- late first pregnancy or no

Question 23

ionizing radiation

Answer 23

• emission of x-rays

- cause cell death, gene mutation and chromosome aberrations

Question 24

ultraviolet

Answer 24

• sunlight
• A and B
• promotes skin inflammation and release of free radicals
• skin cancers

Question 25

inflammation and cancer

Answer 25

- chronic inflammation is an important factor in the development of cancer

Question 26

chronic inflammation causes

Answer 26

- cytokine release - free radicals - mutation promotion - DNA damage

Question 27

environmental risk factors to inflammation

Answer 27

- diet - physical activity - occupational hazards

Question 28

bacterial and viral cause of cancer

Answer 28

- helicobacter pylori - herpes virus - human papillomavirus - hepatitis B

Question 29

Clinical manifestations of cancer

Answer 29

- fatigue - loss of tissue integrity & pain - cachexia - anemia - leukopenia and thrombocytopenia

Question 30

cachexia

Answer 30

- most severe from of malnutrition | - present in 80% of cancer patients at death

Question 31

leukopenia and thrombocytopenia (at risk for..)

Answer 31

infection and bleeding

Question 32

cancer treatment

Answer 32

- surgery - chemotherapy - ionizing radiation - immunotherapy - hormone therapy

Question 33

surgery

Answer 33

- biopsy and lymph node sampling - debulking - palliative

Question 34

debulking surgery

Answer 34

because you can't see the margins of the tutor or have to take it out piece by piece

Question 35

ionizing radiation

Answer 35

- goal is to eradicate cancer without excessive toxicity and avoid damage to normal structures - damages the cancer cells (and rapidly producing cells) DNA

Question 36

chemotherapy

Answer 36

- cytoxic drugs - non-specifc - goal is to eliminate enough humour cells so the body's defense can eradicate any remaining cells

Question 37

immunotherapy

Answer 37

- antitumor responses can selectively eliminate cancer cells with sparing normal cells

Question 38

hormone therapy

Answer 38

- interfere with cell growth and signalling (for cancer cells that only respond to hormones)

Question 39

side effects to cancer treatment

Answer 39

- gastronintestinal tract - bone marrow - hair and skin - reproductive tract