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pathophysiology > neoplasia > Flashcards

neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

cellular adaptation

A
  • hypertrophy
  • atrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • metaplasia
  • dysplasia
  • neoplasia
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2
Q

neoplasm

A
  • new growth or tumour

- can be malignant

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3
Q

benign (6)

A
  • cells well differentiated
  • grow slowly
  • invasive
  • encapsulated
  • does not metastasize
  • local effects
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4
Q

malignant (6)

A
  • poorly differentiated
  • grow rapidly
  • generalize effects
  • metastasize
  • non-encapsulated
  • invasive
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5
Q

A for

A

asymmetry

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6
Q

b for

A

border

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7
Q

c for

A

colour

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8
Q

d for

A

diameter

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9
Q

e for

A

evolving

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10
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

pre-invasive epithelia malignant tutor that has not broken through the basement membrane or invaded the surrounding

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11
Q

classification and nomenclature (order of tumour spread)

A
  • normal
  • dysplasia
  • in situ neoplasm
  • invasive neoplasm
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12
Q

classification and staging of tumour spread

A

T - tumor
N - nod
M - metastasize
higher the number the worst it is

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13
Q

characteristics of cancer cells

A
  • anaplasia

- autonomy

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14
Q

anaplasia

A

cancer cells are primitive and can divide quickly

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15
Q

autonomy

A

develop independence from normal cells controls such as apoptosis, cohesiveness and stoppage of growth upon contact with neighbouring cells

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16
Q

mutations in genes that control cell growth, replication and repair

A
  • tumor suppressor genes (brakes)
  • genes controlling apoptosis
  • DNA repair genes
  • proto-oncogenes (accelerators)
  • angiogenesis-promoting genes
17
Q

angiogenesis

A

develop their own blood supply

18
Q

risk factors to cancers

A
  • biological (age, gender, heredity, hormones)

- lifestyle and environmental

19
Q

lifestyle and environmental risk factors to cancer

A
  • tobacco
  • alcohol
  • sexual reproductive behavior
  • ionizing radiation
  • ultraviolet
20
Q

tobacco

A
  • multipotent carcinogenic mixture

- linked to cancer of the lungs, lower UT, digestive tract, liver, kidney, pancreas, cervis, uterus

21
Q

alcohol

A
  • risk of oral, hypo pharynx, esophagus and liver cancer

- cigarette/ alcohol combination increases risk

22
Q

sexual behaviour

A
  • ages of first and number increases risk of HPV

- late first pregnancy or no

23
Q

ionizing radiation

A
  • emission of x-rays

- cause cell death, gene mutation and chromosome aberrations

24
Q

ultraviolet

A
  • sunlight
  • A and B
  • promotes skin inflammation and release of free radicals
  • skin cancers
25
Q

inflammation and cancer

A
  • chronic inflammation is an important factor in the development of cancer
26
Q

chronic inflammation causes

A
  • cytokine release
  • free radicals
  • mutation promotion
  • DNA damage
27
Q

environmental risk factors to inflammation

A
  • diet
  • physical activity
  • occupational hazards
28
Q

bacterial and viral cause of cancer

A
  • helicobacter pylori
  • herpes virus
  • human papillomavirus
  • hepatitis B
29
Q

Clinical manifestations of cancer

A
  • fatigue
  • loss of tissue integrity & pain
  • cachexia
  • anemia
  • leukopenia and thrombocytopenia
30
Q

cachexia

A
  • most severe from of malnutrition

- present in 80% of cancer patients at death

31
Q

leukopenia and thrombocytopenia (at risk for..)

A

infection and bleeding

32
Q

cancer treatment

A
  • surgery
  • chemotherapy
  • ionizing radiation
  • immunotherapy
  • hormone therapy
33
Q

surgery

A
  • biopsy and lymph node sampling
  • debulking
  • palliative
34
Q

debulking surgery

A

because you can’t see the margins of the tutor or have to take it out piece by piece

35
Q

ionizing radiation

A
  • goal is to eradicate cancer without excessive toxicity and avoid damage to normal structures
  • damages the cancer cells (and rapidly producing cells) DNA
36
Q

chemotherapy

A
  • cytoxic drugs
  • non-specifc
  • goal is to eliminate enough humour cells so the body’s defense can eradicate any remaining cells
37
Q

immunotherapy

A
  • antitumor responses can selectively eliminate cancer cells with sparing normal cells
38
Q

hormone therapy

A
  • interfere with cell growth and signalling (for cancer cells that only respond to hormones)
39
Q

side effects to cancer treatment

A
  • gastronintestinal tract
  • bone marrow
  • hair and skin
  • reproductive tract

pathophysiology (16 decks)

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