2 - blood vessels Flashcards
1
Q
alteration in blood flow
A
changes in pressure, resistance and or turbulence
2
Q
alteration in blood flow due to
A
- obstruction
- structural changes
- disruption of intrinsic regulation mechanisms (spams)
3
Q
obstruction
A
- thromboembolus
- thrombus
4
Q
thrombus
A
blood attached to a blood vessel wall
5
Q
thromboembolus
A
pieces of a blood clot that floats through and travels around
6
Q
structural changes to…
A
vessels
7
Q
disruption of intrinsic regulation mechanisms
A
- spasm
- raynaud’s disease
- particularly triggered with cold weather
8
Q
diseases of the veins
A
- varicose veins
- chronic venous insufficiency
- deep wein thrombosis
9
Q
varicose veins
A
- a vein in which blood has pooled
- distended, tortuous and palpable veins
- caused by age (greater the age), genetics, trauma, or realigned retrograde pressure, also during pregnancy
- can lead to chronic venous insufficiency
10
Q
varicose veins: treatment
A
- elevating legs, avoid standing
- compression stockings
- sclerotherapy
- stripping
11
Q
chronic venous insufficiency
A
- inadequate venous return over a long period due to varicose or valvular incompetence
- can lead to venous stasis ulcers
12
Q
venous stasis ulcer
A
no good blood flow therefore cannot send blood to damaged tissue
13
Q
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
A
- thrombus: blood clot
- primarily in lower extremities
- virchow’s triad of risk factors
14
Q
virchow’s triad of risk factors
A
- stasis of blood flow
- vessel wall injury
- hypercoagulability
15
Q
stasis of blood flow
A
more risk in those who are immobile
16
Q
vessel wall injury
A
can be when someone just had surgery
17
Q
hypercoagulability
A
increased coagulation: can be genetic, during pregnancy and can be cause by some birth controls
18
Q
Untreadted DVT is associated with
A
a high risk of embolization
19
Q
what is an embolus?
A
where it breaks off and travels
20
Q
where so embolus’ go?
A
typically to the lungs
21
Q
Deep vein thrombosis - ______ is key
A
- prevention
- ambulation, anti-embolic stockings, pneumatic stockings, prophylactic anticoagulation
22
Q
diseases of the arteries
A
- atherosclerosis
- peripheral arterial disease
- aortic aneurysms
- coronary artery disease
- cerebrovascular disease
23
Q
atherosclerosis
A
- build up of plaque
- atheromatous plaques
- lesions in large and medium-sized arteries
- narrowing of artery lumen
- can affect systems throughout the body
24
Q
atherosclerosis - interaction of
A
- endothelial injury/dysfunction
- inflammatory process
- lipid
25
inflammatory process
- monocytes
- macrophages
- inflammatory mediators
- reactive oxygen species (free radicals)
26
lipid
dyslipidemia
27
dyslipidemia
- imbalance of serum lipoproteins
- elevated LDL is a strong risk factor for atherosclerosis
- has genetic and dietary factors
28
imbalance of serum lipoproteins
- low density lipoprotein (LDL)
| - high density lipoprotein (HDL)
29
LDL
- low density lipoprotein
- delivers cholesterol to cells
- bad fat (if you have high LDL it’s a bad thing)
30
HDL
- high density lipoprotein
- takes cholesterol away from cell and back to the liver
- good fat (if you have high HDL it’s a good thing)
31
Atherosclerosis - Pathophysiology
1. LDL enters injured endothelium
2. LDL oxidized by free radicals
3. Macrophages engulf oxidized LDL
4. They now turn into foam cells
5. Build up of foam cells lipid pool, forms fatty streaks
32
atherosclerosis - in large and medium arteries and contributes to
- peripheral artery disease
- aortic aneurysms
- angina/myocardial infarction
- stroke
33
peripheral arterial disease
atherosclerotic disease of arteries that perfuse lower limbs
34
peripheral arterial disease - risk factors
- smoking
- hypertension
- dyslipidemia
- diabetes
- obesity / sedentary lifestyle
- atherogenic diet
35
peripheral arterial disease - signs and symptoms
- cyanotic at the toes
- pale
- weak pulse
- numbness/tingling
- intermittent claudication
36
peripheral arterial disease - complications
- ulcers
| - partial amputations
37
intermittent claudication
pain in legs while walking but subsides at rest
38
Arterial vs venous ulcers
arterial ulcers have edges that are rounder and deeper and not good at healing
39
gangrene due to
reduced arterial circulations
40
aortic aneurysms
- localized weakening, dilation or out-pouching
41
aortic aneurysms - types
- true
- dissecting
- false
42
true aortic aneurysms
- fusiform (enlarged vein)
| - saccular (like a sac going outward from vein)
43
aortic aneurysms - locations
- Illiac artery in groan
- Anywhere with big or medium vessel
- Anywhere in aorta
- Brain
44
abdominal aortic aneurysms - diagnosis
ultrasound, CT, MRI, angiography
45
abdominal aortic aneurysms - treatment
- monitor
- risk factor reduction
- stent/surgery
46
conditions affecting blood pressure
- hypotention
| - hypertension
47
hypotension
- orthostatic (postural) hypotension
48
types of hypotension (3)
- acute
- chronic
- primary/idiopathic
49
hypertension - prevalence
- 1 in 6 Canadians
| - a silent killer
50
hypertension in adults
anything 140/90 of higher
51
hypertension in children
varies according to ages
52
types of hypertension
- primary hypertension
| - secondary hypertension
53
primary hypertension
- hypertension that has no other cause (there by itself)
54
primary hypertension is also known as _____
idiopathic hypertension
55
primary hypertension - risk factors
- age (increase with age)
- smoking
- gender
- obesity
- ethnicity (african american)
56
Primary Hypertension - Pathophysiology
a fairly complex interaction of factors
57
forms of primary hypertension
- stroke
- coronary artery disease
- heart failure
- kidney failure
- vision loss
- dementia
58
secondary hypertension
caused by a systemic disease process that raises peripheral vascular resistance or cardiac output
59
isolated systolic hypertension
elevation of systolic pressure with normal diastolic pressure (increase pulse pressure)
