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pathophysiology > 2 - blood vessels > Flashcards

2 - blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

alteration in blood flow

A

changes in pressure, resistance and or turbulence

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2
Q

alteration in blood flow due to

A
  • obstruction
  • structural changes
  • disruption of intrinsic regulation mechanisms (spams)
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3
Q

obstruction

A
  • thromboembolus

- thrombus

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4
Q

thrombus

A

blood attached to a blood vessel wall

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5
Q

thromboembolus

A

pieces of a blood clot that floats through and travels around

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6
Q

structural changes to…

A

vessels

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7
Q

disruption of intrinsic regulation mechanisms

A
  • spasm
  • raynaud’s disease
  • particularly triggered with cold weather
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8
Q

diseases of the veins

A
  • varicose veins
  • chronic venous insufficiency
  • deep wein thrombosis
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9
Q

varicose veins

A
  • a vein in which blood has pooled
  • distended, tortuous and palpable veins
  • caused by age (greater the age), genetics, trauma, or realigned retrograde pressure, also during pregnancy
  • can lead to chronic venous insufficiency
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10
Q

varicose veins: treatment

A
  • elevating legs, avoid standing
  • compression stockings
  • sclerotherapy
  • stripping
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11
Q

chronic venous insufficiency

A
  • inadequate venous return over a long period due to varicose or valvular incompetence
  • can lead to venous stasis ulcers
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12
Q

venous stasis ulcer

A

no good blood flow therefore cannot send blood to damaged tissue

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13
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A
  • thrombus: blood clot
  • primarily in lower extremities
  • virchow’s triad of risk factors
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14
Q

virchow’s triad of risk factors

A
  • stasis of blood flow
  • vessel wall injury
  • hypercoagulability
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15
Q

stasis of blood flow

A

more risk in those who are immobile

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16
Q

vessel wall injury

A

can be when someone just had surgery

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17
Q

hypercoagulability

A

increased coagulation: can be genetic, during pregnancy and can be cause by some birth controls

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18
Q

Untreadted DVT is associated with

A

a high risk of embolization

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19
Q

what is an embolus?

A

where it breaks off and travels

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20
Q

where so embolus’ go?

A

typically to the lungs

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21
Q

Deep vein thrombosis - ______ is key

A
  • prevention

- ambulation, anti-embolic stockings, pneumatic stockings, prophylactic anticoagulation

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22
Q

diseases of the arteries

A
  • atherosclerosis
  • peripheral arterial disease
  • aortic aneurysms
  • coronary artery disease
  • cerebrovascular disease
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23
Q

atherosclerosis

A
  • build up of plaque
  • atheromatous plaques
  • lesions in large and medium-sized arteries
  • narrowing of artery lumen
  • can affect systems throughout the body
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24
Q

atherosclerosis - interaction of

A
  • endothelial injury/dysfunction
  • inflammatory process
  • lipid
25
Q

inflammatory process

A
  • monocytes
  • macrophages
  • inflammatory mediators
  • reactive oxygen species (free radicals)
26
Q

lipid

A

dyslipidemia

27
Q

dyslipidemia

A
  • imbalance of serum lipoproteins
  • elevated LDL is a strong risk factor for atherosclerosis
  • has genetic and dietary factors
28
Q

imbalance of serum lipoproteins

A
  • low density lipoprotein (LDL)

- high density lipoprotein (HDL)

29
Q

LDL

A
  • low density lipoprotein
  • delivers cholesterol to cells
  • bad fat (if you have high LDL it’s a bad thing)
30
Q

HDL

A
  • high density lipoprotein
  • takes cholesterol away from cell and back to the liver
  • good fat (if you have high HDL it’s a good thing)
31
Q

Atherosclerosis - Pathophysiology

A
  1. LDL enters injured endothelium
  2. LDL oxidized by free radicals
  3. Macrophages engulf oxidized LDL
  4. They now turn into foam cells
  5. Build up of foam cells  lipid pool, forms fatty streaks
32
Q

atherosclerosis - in large and medium arteries and contributes to

A
  • peripheral artery disease
  • aortic aneurysms
  • angina/myocardial infarction
  • stroke
33
Q

peripheral arterial disease

A

atherosclerotic disease of arteries that perfuse lower limbs

34
Q

peripheral arterial disease - risk factors

A
  • smoking
  • hypertension
  • dyslipidemia
  • diabetes
  • obesity / sedentary lifestyle
  • atherogenic diet
35
Q

peripheral arterial disease - signs and symptoms

A
  • cyanotic at the toes
  • pale
  • weak pulse
  • numbness/tingling
  • intermittent claudication
36
Q

peripheral arterial disease - complications

A
  • ulcers

- partial amputations

37
Q

intermittent claudication

A

pain in legs while walking but subsides at rest

38
Q

Arterial vs venous ulcers

A

arterial ulcers have edges that are rounder and deeper and not good at healing

39
Q

gangrene due to

A

reduced arterial circulations

40
Q

aortic aneurysms

A
  • localized weakening, dilation or out-pouching
41
Q

aortic aneurysms - types

A
  • true
  • dissecting
  • false
42
Q

true aortic aneurysms

A
  • fusiform (enlarged vein)

- saccular (like a sac going outward from vein)

43
Q

aortic aneurysms - locations

A
  • Illiac artery in groan
  • Anywhere with big or medium vessel
  • Anywhere in aorta
  • Brain
44
Q

abdominal aortic aneurysms - diagnosis

A

ultrasound, CT, MRI, angiography

45
Q

abdominal aortic aneurysms - treatment

A
  • monitor
  • risk factor reduction
  • stent/surgery
46
Q

conditions affecting blood pressure

A
  • hypotention

- hypertension

47
Q

hypotension

A
  • orthostatic (postural) hypotension
48
Q

types of hypotension (3)

A
  • acute
  • chronic
  • primary/idiopathic
49
Q

hypertension - prevalence

A
  • 1 in 6 Canadians

- a silent killer

50
Q

hypertension in adults

A

anything 140/90 of higher

51
Q

hypertension in children

A

varies according to ages

52
Q

types of hypertension

A
  • primary hypertension

- secondary hypertension

53
Q

primary hypertension

A
  • hypertension that has no other cause (there by itself)
54
Q

primary hypertension is also known as _____

A

idiopathic hypertension

55
Q

primary hypertension - risk factors

A
  • age (increase with age)
  • smoking
  • gender
  • obesity
  • ethnicity (african american)
56
Q

Primary Hypertension - Pathophysiology

A

a fairly complex interaction of factors

57
Q

forms of primary hypertension

A
  • stroke
  • coronary artery disease
  • heart failure
  • kidney failure
  • vision loss
  • dementia
58
Q

secondary hypertension

A

caused by a systemic disease process that raises peripheral vascular resistance or cardiac output

59
Q

isolated systolic hypertension

A

elevation of systolic pressure with normal diastolic pressure (increase pulse pressure)

pathophysiology (16 decks)

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