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pathophysiology > 2 - neurologic functions > Flashcards

2 - neurologic functions Flashcards

1
Q

multiple condition may cause an insult to the nervous system

A
  • trauma
  • neoplasia
  • stroke
  • infection
  • degeneration
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2
Q

dysfunction causes alterations in

A
  • cerebral hemodynamics
  • cognition, memory, attention, emotions
  • motor function
  • data processing
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3
Q

cerebral hemodynamics

A
  • level of consciousness (LOC)
  • pupillary responses
  • vital signs
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4
Q

motor function

A
  • tone
  • movement
  • paralysis
  • posture
  • gait
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5
Q

data processing

A

comprehension and communication

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6
Q

aphasia

A

severe impairment of language

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7
Q

dysphasia

A

mild impairment of language

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8
Q

agnosia

A

inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things

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9
Q

akinesia

A

loss or impairment of the power of voluntary movement

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10
Q

hyperkinesia

A

increase in muscular activity that can result in excessive abnormal movements, excessive normal movements, or a combination of both

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11
Q

hypokinesia

A

abnormal diminished motor activity

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12
Q

normal A&P

A
  • normal component of the brain
  • normal pressure
  • monroe-kellie hypothesis
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13
Q

normal pressure

A

5 - 15 mmhg

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14
Q

cerebral hemodynamics

A
  • multiple condition may cause a change in cerebral hemodynamics (blood flow/pressure)
  • can be compensated
  • compensation not effective with sustained long-term changes
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15
Q

cerebral hemodynamics: compensation by

A
  • displacing CSF
  • shifting blood volume
  • compression brain tissue
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16
Q

secondary injury

A
  • insult to brain days after the days or hours after primary injury
  • long standing changes in pressure
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17
Q

insult to

A

inflammation and cerebral edema

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18
Q

inflammation and cerebral edema to

A

increased intra-cranial pressure

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19
Q

increased intra-cranial pressure to

A

compression of blood vessels

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20
Q

compression of blood vessels to

A

decreased cerebral blood flow

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21
Q

decreased cerebral blood flow to

A

cerebral ischemia and hypoxia

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22
Q

cerebral ischemia and hypoxia to

A

insult

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23
Q

Secondary injury leads to

A

increased intracranial pressure (ICP)

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24
Q

increased intracranial pressure

A
  • caused by an increase in intracranial content
  • can increase gradually or suddenly
  • may decrease cerebral blow flow
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25
Q

example of primary injury

A

we had a trauma and injury to the head

26
Q

ICP - manifestations

A
  • altered level of consciousness
  • pupillary alterations
  • changes in vital signs
  • seizures
  • headaches
  • vomiting
27
Q

the earliest indicator of increased intracranial pressure?

A

changes in the level of consciousness

28
Q

level of consciousness

A
  • most critical index of nervous system function

- eye opening, verbal response and mobile response

29
Q

level of consciousness can be assessed by

A

glasgow coma scale

30
Q

level of consciousness: critical index

A
  • arousal

- awareness

31
Q

terms describing altered level of consciousness (LOC)

A
  • confusion
  • disorientation
  • lethargy
  • obtundation
  • stupor
  • coma
32
Q

pupillary abnormalities

A
  • initially change on same side of brain as insult

- eventually fixed and dilated pupils bilaterally

33
Q

vital signs

A
  • temperature
  • respiration
  • heart rate
  • BP
34
Q

hypothalamus controls

A

temp

35
Q

brain stem, medulla and pons control

A
  • respiratory rate
  • heart rate
  • BP
36
Q

changes in vital signs

A
  • late findings

- cushing’s triad

37
Q

cushing’s triad

A
  • bradycardia
  • irregular respirations
  • widening pulse pressure
38
Q

seizures

A
  • sudden, transient alterations of brain function cause by an abrupt explosive disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons
  • causes involuntary movements, behavioural and sensory alterations as well as changes in LOC
39
Q

seizure: a symptom of an underlying disorder

A
  • infection
  • cerebral lesions
  • cerebral trauma
  • biochemical disorders
40
Q

classifications of seizures

A
  • partial seizures

- generalized seizures

41
Q

partial seizures

A

localized electrical discharges

42
Q

generalized seizures

A
  • tonic clonic
  • absent
  • myoclonic
  • wide spread throughout the brain
43
Q

tonic

A

stiffening

44
Q

clonic

A

jerking and shaking

45
Q

absent

A

zoning out and loose consciousness for 20 seconds then back to normal

46
Q

myoclonic

A

a sudden jerk or spasm, usually no changes in awareness

47
Q

seizures and children

A
  • common for children because of fever or glucose

- febrile seizures

48
Q

febrile seizures

A

associated with a high body temperature and most common in 3 mo to 5 years

49
Q

epilepsy

A
  • a chronic seizure disorder with recurrent, unprovoked seizures
  • triggers
50
Q

epilepsy: cause

A

genetic and environmental

51
Q

status epilepticus

A

repeated

52
Q

How is a seizure different from epilepsy?

A
  • epilepsy is chronic, may or may not know cause

- seizures can pin point cause

53
Q

Why is status epilepticus dangerous?

A

cause neutrons are using so much oxygen and if prolonged neutrons will become damages

54
Q

cerebral palsy (CP)

A
  • a group of non-progressive syndrome causing varying degrees of motor dysfunction
  • due to brain damage often resulting from cerebral schema and or increased ICP before, during or shortly after birth
  • one of the most crippling disorders of childhood
55
Q

types of cerebral palsy

A
  • spastic
  • dystonic
  • ataxic
  • mixed
56
Q

spastic

A

increased muscle tone, rigidity of extremities, scoliosis, contractures

57
Q

dystonic

A

difficulty with fine motor coordination and purposful movements (stiff, uncontrolled and abrupt)

58
Q

ataxic

A

unsteady uncoordinated gait; difficulty with maintaining balance

59
Q

CP - diagnosis

A

typically diagnosed based on clinical signs at birth or early infancy

60
Q

CP - treatment

A
  • depends on extent impairment
  • ongoing assessment, evaluation and revision of treatment
  • interdisciplinary approach required (PT, OT, speech etc)

pathophysiology (16 decks)

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