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Anatomy And Physiology For Respiratory Care > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main functions of the nose?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Warm and Humidification
  3. Olfactory Senses
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2
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx in order?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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3
Q

What are the main functions of the larynx?

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Voice Production
  3. Support and Protection
  4. Swallowing
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4
Q

What are the cartilages of the larynx?

A
  1. Thyroid
  2. Cricoid
  3. Arytenoid
  4. Corniculate
  5. Cuniform
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5
Q

What makes up the conducting zone in order?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Primary Bronchi
  3. Secondary Bronchi
  4. Tertiary Bronchi
  5. Terminal Bronchioles
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6
Q

Where does air first entrer the lungs?

A

Secondary Bronchi

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the conducting zone?

A

To bring air to the respiratory zone?

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8
Q

What is the name of the bifurcation point of the trachea?

A

Carina

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9
Q

What is the main purpose of the respiratory zone?

A

Gas Exchange

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10
Q

What parts make up the respiratoiry zone?

A
  1. Respiratory Bronchioles
  2. Alveolar Ducts
  3. Alveolar Sac
  4. Alveoli
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11
Q

Where specifically does gas exchange first occur?

A

The Respiratory Bronchioles

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12
Q

Where is the last section of the respiratory tree that cartilage is found?

A

Tertiary Bronchi

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13
Q

Describe an Alveoli?

A

Consist of simple squamous epitthelia cells (Type I), simple cuboidal cells (Type II), and macrophages.

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14
Q

What is the purpose for surfactant, and what secretes it?

A
  1. To decrease the surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli by 40x to facilitate gas exchange.
  2. Type II cells
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15
Q

What role does elastic cartilage have on the alveoli?

A

To help it return to its orginal shape during inhalation and exhalation.

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16
Q
  1. The lungs are divided into this unit?
  2. This unit is further divided into what other unit?
A
  1. Lobes
  2. Lobule
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17
Q

What is special about a loble?

A

They each have their own blood and air supply, so the removal of one does not effect the others.

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18
Q

How many lobes does each lung have, and what divides them?

A
  1. Right lung that 3 lobes, upper, middle, and lower, and they are divided by the horzontal and oblique fissures, respectively.
  2. Left lung has just an upper and lower lobe divided by an oblique fissure.
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19
Q

What is the cardiac notch?

A

An indentation in the left lung to make room for the heart.

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20
Q

How is diffusion accross the respiratory membrane increased?

A
  1. Increae Surface Area
  2. Increase Solubility
  3. Increase the Concentration Gradient between Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
  4. Decreasing the Thickness
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21
Q

How much more soluble is carbon dioxide than oxygen?

A

20x

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22
Q
  1. What is dead space?
  2. Approximaly how much is there in a healthy person?
A
  1. Where air is present in the respiratory system but there is no gas exchange.
  2. 150 ml
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23
Q

What is the difference between anatomical and physiological dead space?

A

Anatomical dead space is the conduction zone of the respiratory tree while physiological dead space is the combination of anatomical and any non-fuctional alveoli

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24
Q

What increases physiological dead space?

A
  1. Non-Fuctional Alveoli
  2. Breathing Through a Snorkel or Straw.
  3. An Illness or Condition Such as Asthma or Edema
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25
Q

When is respiratory shunting?

A

When alveoli have low ventilation, blood flow will be diverted to areas of higher ventilation.

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26
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The air that is being moved into or out of the alveoli?

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27
Q

What happens if the complance of the lungs is too high or low?

A
  1. To Low - Breathing is more difficult, such as in cystic fibrosis.
  2. To High - When one is having trouble getting air out, such as in emphysema.
28
Q

What is respiratory compliance equal to?

A

Volume Divided by Pressure

29
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

A

The pressure within the alveoli, usually given as 0 mmHg.

30
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

The pressure within the plural cavity, approximately 4 mmHg less than intrapulmonary pressure.

31
Q

What factors help the lungs to collapse?

A
  • Elastic Recoil
  • High Surface Tension
32
Q

What factors help to prevent the lungs from total collapse?

A
  • Negative Intrapleural Pressure
  • Surfactant
33
Q

What is tidal volumn?

A

The normal ebb and flow of inspired and expired air, approximatly 500 ml.

34
Q

What is inspiratory reserve?

A

Amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inhalation.

35
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation.

36
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The amount of air left in the lungs after maximal exhalation.

37
Q

Why do we have residual volume?

A

To prevent the lungs from total collapse as it is difficult to inflate a collapsed lung.

38
Q

What is functional respiratory capicity?

A

The sum of residual and expiratory reserve volume.

39
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

The sum of inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volume.

40
Q

What is vital capicity?

A

The sum of inspiratory, tidal, and expiratory volume.

41
Q

What innervates the dirphragm, and what is the result on the innervation?

A

The Phrenic nerve, which causes the diaphragm to contract.

42
Q

What is the role of the inspiratory center?

A

Located in the medulla oblongata, it functions similar to the SA Node by setting the rate of respiration (18-20 breaths per minute). This is accomplished by depolizaration of the phrenic nerve.

43
Q

What centers influence the inspiratory center, and where are they located?

A

The pneumotaxic and apneustic centers located in the pons.

44
Q

How do the pneumotaxic and apneustic center influence the inspiratory center?

A

The pneumotaxic center inhibits the inspiratory center, while the apneustic center stimulates it.

45
Q

What is the role of the expiratory center?

A

Plays a role in hreavy labored breathing by inhibiting the inspiratory center.

46
Q

What role does the cerebrum and hypothalamus have on breathing?

A

The cerebrum can override the centers in the brainstem and the hypothalamus can influence the inspiratory center when pain and emotions or experienced.

47
Q

What role does carbon dioxide have on respiratory rate?

A

Carbon dioxide causes increased respiratory rate when detected by chemoreceptors which stimulate the approiate centers. High free hydrogen and low oxygen will also increase respiratory rate.

48
Q

Define Hypercapnia and Hypocapnia?

A
  • Hypercapnia is increaded respiratory rate due to increased carbon dioxide.
  • Hypocapnia is decreased respiratory rate due to decreased carbon dioxide.
49
Q

Why is inhalation an active process?

A

It is the result of phrenic nerve innervation while expiration is the result of the innervation ending.

50
Q

Describe the volume and pressure changes during inhalation and exhalation?

A

During inhalation volumn increases causing pressure to decrease, and during exhalation, volume decreases causing pressure to increase.

51
Q

What is chloride shift?

A

The exhange of chlorine ions for bicaarbonate across the red blood cell membrane to keep it netural?

52
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A
  • 98% by Hemoglobin
  • 2% Dissolved in Blood Plasma
53
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A
  • 70% In the Form of Bicarbonate
  • 20% Bound to Plasma Proteins
  • 10% Dissolved in Blood Plasma
54
Q

When is hemoglobin 100% saturated?

A

At 80 mmHg under normal conditions.

55
Q

Why is the lowest saturation of hemoglobin 75% under normal resting body conditions?

A

The remaning 75% acts as a reserve for exertion.

56
Q

What factors cause a shift to the right for the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociative curve?

A

This will result in a decreased affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin.
* Increased Carbon Dioxide
* Increased Free Hydrogen (Decreased PH)
* Increased Temperature

57
Q

What factors cause a shift to the left for the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociative curve?

A

This will result in an increase affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin.
* Decreased Carbon Dioxide
* Decreased Free Hydrogen
* Decreased Temperature

58
Q

List the anatomical areas and the respective partial pressure of oxygen?

A
  • Inspired Air - 160
  • Alveolar - 104
  • Pulmonary Veins - 100
  • Systemic Arteries - 100
  • Cells - 40
  • Systemic Veins - 40
  • Pulmonary Arteries - 40
  • Expired Air - 120
59
Q

List the anatomical areas and the respective partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

A
  • Inspired Air - Trace
  • Alveolar - 40
  • Pulmonary Veins - 40
  • Systemic Arteries - 40
  • Cells - 45
  • Systemic Veins - 45
  • Pulmonary Arteries - 45
  • Expired Air - Trace
60
Q

Why is the partial pressure of oxygen only 104 mmHg in the aveoli?

A

This is due to the inspired air mixing with dead space air from expiration.

61
Q

How does carbon dioxide compete with the larger pressure gradient that oxygen has.

A

Carbon dioxide is 20x more soluble than oxygen?

62
Q

What is the pressure gradient for oxygen and carbon dioxide in the aveoli?

A
  • Oxygen - 104 mmHg - 40 mmHg
  • Carbon Dioxide - 45 mmHg - 40 mmHg
63
Q

Why does the gas exchange for oxygen only occur in the first 1/3 of the pulmonary capillaries at rest?

A

The remaining 2/3 is held in reserve for when blood is moving faster due to exertion.

64
Q

What happens when ventilation is less than perfusion?

A

Results in constriction of the pulmonary arterioles, decreasing the blood flow to the affected alveoli. This will cause a decrease in perfusion to match the decreased venmtilation.

65
Q

What happens when ventilation is greater than perfusion?

A

Results in dilation of the pulmonary arterioles to increase blood flow to match the increased.

Anatomy And Physiology For Respiratory Care (19 decks)

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