Chapter 2: Chemistry

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

Anything that takes up space. Comes in soild, liquid, and gas forms.

Question 2

Kentic Energy

Answer 2

The energy of motion and lets us do work.

Question 3

Potential Energy

Answer 3

Stored energy which can be convered to kenetic energy.

Question 4

Elements

Answer 4

The periodic table, over 100 which each have their own unique properties.

Question 5

Atom

Answer 5

The smallest port of an element that retains the properties of the element.

Question 6

What makes up an atom?

Answer 6

1. Protons: Positive and make the element unique
2. Neutrons: No charge.
3. Electrons: Negative
4. Nucleus: Center of the atom where the protons and neutrons reside.

Question 7

Atomic Number

Answer 7

Equal to the number of protons in the atom. Neutrons are usually equal to the number of protons.

Question 8

Electron Shell

Answer 8

Where the electrons reside. There are 2 in the first shell and eight in subsquent shells

Question 9

What is a stable atom?

Answer 9

Stable atoms have eight electrons in the outer shell. These elements are non-reactive. When not stable, the element will bond with other elements to form molecules.

Question 10

Chemistry

What is a bond?

Answer 10

Association between atoms or ions to form molecules, cystals, and other structures. Bonds can be single, double, or triple.

Question 11

What are the types of bonds?

Answer 11

1. Ionic Bond
2. Covalent Bond
3. Hydrogen Bond

Question 12

Ionic Bond

Answer 12

Complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another. NaCl is an example. Because one electron is completely transfered. One element will gain a positive charge and the other a negative charge. Here, Na becomes positive, and Cl becomes negative.

Question 13

Ions

Answer 13

Charged atoms.

Question 14

Anions

Answer 14

Negatively charged atoms - gained and electon.

Question 15

Cations

Answer 15

Positively charged atoms - lost an electron.

Question 16

Covalent Bond

Answer 16

Sharing of electrons. Can be non-polar and polar.

Question 17

Non-polar Covalent Bond

Answer 17

Have an equal sharing of electrons. These molecules are water insoluble and hydrophobic. Molecules are linear and symetrical.

Question 18

Polar Covalent Bond

Answer 18

Have an unequal sharing of electrons. These molecules are water soluble and hydrophilic. Molecules are not linear and asymetrical.

Question 19

Electronegativity

Answer 19

The strength of the attraction, or the affinity of an atom for electrons.

Question 20

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 20

Weak bond between a hydrogen atom in a polar covalent bond and another atom in a polar covalent bond. Opposite charges attract. There is no sharing of electrons.

Question 21

Chemical Reactions

Answer 21

Has reactants that form products. Can be irreversable or reversable.
* A+B=C (Example)
When reversable reactions reach equilibrium it does not mean A+B=C. It means that the rate of production is equal to the products.

Question 22

Synthsis Reaction

Answer 22

A reaction that makes something bigger.

Question 23

Decomposition Reaction

Answer 23

A reaction that breaks something down.

Question 24

Endergonic Reaction

Answer 24

A reaction where energy needs to be added for the reaction to occur.

Question 25

Exergonic Reaction

Answer 25

A reaction where energy is released. This energy will be used for endergonic reactions.

Question 26

What factors affect a chemical reaction?

Answer 26

1. Temperature: As temperature increases reactions happen faster.
2. Particle Size: As size increases reaction rate goes down.
3. Concentration As concentration increases reaction rate increases.
4. Catalysts: Speeds up a reaction

Question 27

Solvent

Answer 27

A substance in which a solute is dissolved.

Question 28

Solute

Answer 28

A substance that can be disolved in a solution by a solvent

Question 29

Suspension

Answer 29

When particles come out of a solution.

Question 30

Aqueous Solution

Answer 30

Water based solution.

Question 31

Solution

Answer 31

A homogenous mixture of two or more substances.

Question 32

Glycogen

Answer 32

How animals store carbohydrates.

Question 33

Starch

Answer 33

How plants store carbohydrates.

Question 34

Cellulose

Answer 34

Polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. This is known as fiber and wr are unable to break it down.

Question 35

Carbohydrates

Answer 35

Made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1. They are polar, water soluble, and hydrophillic. Used for short term energy. The building blocks are mosaccharides.

Question 36

Lipids

Answer 36

Tend to be non-polar, water insoluble and hydrophobic. Used for long term energy.

Question 37

Triglyceride

Answer 37

One glycerol and three fatty acids. As fatty acid is gained, so is water.

Question 38

Saturated Fatty Acids

Answer 38

Has single bonds at room temperature. Tend to be soild at room temperature, come from animals, and stack neatly in the body.

Question 39

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Answer 39

Have at least one double bond between carbon. Are liquid at room temperature and come from plants.