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Anatomy And Physiology For Respiratory Care > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Hemocytoblast?

A

Undifferentiated stem cell from which red and white blood cells are formed.

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2
Q

Where are Hemocytoblasts formed and what dictates there eventual identity?

A

Red bone marrow of long bones and hormones dictate their identity.

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3
Q

What is a Reticulocyte?

A

This is an immature red blood cell which circulates in the body for approximately 2 days before maturing.

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4
Q

What is the life span of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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5
Q

What is Plasma?

A

Liquid portion of the blood.

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6
Q

What is Serum?

A

Plasma with the clotting proteins removed.

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7
Q

What percent of the blood is plasma?

A

55%

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8
Q

What three basic protein groups are included in plasma?

A
  • Albunmins
  • Globulins
  • Fibrogen
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9
Q

What are the Formed Elements in blood?

A

Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, and Platelets.

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10
Q

What is the role of Erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

Rleased by the kidneys, it is part of a negative feedback homeostatic control mechanism to stimulate the production of red blood cells. In response to decreased oxygen concentration sensed in the blood, the kidneys releases EPO to stimulate the production of red blood cells, known as Erythropoiesis.

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11
Q

What is Erythropoiesis?

A

The process of producing red blood cells.

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12
Q

What is Erythroblastosis Fetalis?

A

This is a life threating disorder when the mother’s immune system attacks the red blood cells of the fetus because the blood of the mother is Rh negative, and the blood of the fetus is Rh positive. The mother will always be fine, but subsquient pregnancies after the first will result in worse outcomes for the fetus as the destruction of the fetus’ red blood cells leads to an increase in bilirubin, which damages developing neurons of the fetus.

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13
Q

What is the Epicardium?

A

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

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14
Q

What is the Myocardium?

A

The thickest middle layer of the heart where the cardiac muscle is found?

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15
Q

What is the Endocardium?

A

The layer of simple squamous epithial tissue the lines the cavities of the heart.

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16
Q
  1. What are Pectinate Muscles and Trabeculae Carne?
  2. Where are each found?
A
  1. Ridges in the mycardium that increase the surface area to increase the force of contraction.
  2. Pectinate Muscles are found in the right atrium and Trabeculae Carne are found in the ventricles.
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17
Q

What is the order of the heart’s intrinisc conduction system?

A
  1. Sinoatrial Node
  2. Atrioventricular Node
  3. Atrioventricular Bundle
  4. Bundle Branches
  5. Purkinje Fibers
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18
Q

Why is the Sinoarterial Node the pacemaker of the heart?

A

It has more action potentials per minutes than anywhere else in the heart due to an increased amount of calcium ion channels.

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19
Q

What are the waves on an EKG and what do they represent?

A
  1. P Wave: Atrial Depolarization
  2. QRS Wave: Atrial Repolizeration and Depolarization of the Ventricles
  3. T Wave: Ventrcular Repolarization
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20
Q
  1. What are Leukocytes?
  2. What are the two major groups?
A
  1. White Blood Cells
  2. Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
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21
Q

What is the main function of Neutrophils?

A

Phagocytize Bacteria

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22
Q

What is the role of Eosinophils?

A

They help fight of parasitic infections and play in role in astham and allergies.

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23
Q

What is the role of Basophils?

A

Release histsmine and heparin and are elevanted during inflammation.

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24
Q

What is the role of Lymphocytes?

A

Mount immune response through the secretation of antibodies.

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25
Q

What is the role of Monocytes?

A

Phagocytosis, and can develop into macrophages. Elevated during chronic conditions.

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26
Q

List the leukocytes in order from most to least abundant.

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basioophils
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27
Q

What are Elastic Arteries?

A

Known as conducting arteries, they are the closest to the heart and are very large.

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28
Q

What are Musclar Arteries?

A

Known as distributing arteries, they take blood to specific areas of the body.

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29
Q

What are Arterioles?

A

Known as resistance vessels, they are the smallest arteries that take blood to capillaries.

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30
Q

What vein has the highest resistance to blood flow?

A

Arterioles

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31
Q

How are arteries and veins different?

A

Arteries have much thicker walls due to the inclusion of elastic fibers. This allows them to retain their shape better and are not as responsive to pressure.

Veins lack elastic fiber and do not retain their shape meaning they can collapse if not filled with blood. Additionally, they contain valvues that prevent the backflow of blood.

32
Q

What are the smallest veins called?

A

Venules

33
Q

What are compliance vessels?

A

Veins are known as compliance vessels because of their greater capacity to stretch to fill with blood. Compliance is the ease of stretching of a vessel. This results in the veins holding the most blood at any given time.

34
Q

What are capillaries?

A

They consist of a layer of simple squamous epithial tissue with some connective tissue. This results in them being very thin to facilitate difussion.

35
Q

What are Continuous Capillaries?

A

The most common type and is considered the least permerable. Found in the brain, skin, and muscle.

36
Q

What are Fenestrated Capillaries?

A

Have large pores known as fenestrations to facilitate increased permeability. They are present where significant absorbtion and filtration is necessary, such as the kidneys and small intestine.

37
Q

What is the Frank-Starlings Law of the heart?

A

As venous return to the heart increases there is an increase in stretch in the ventricles. As a result contractile force increases and stroke volume increases resulting in increasers cardiac output.

38
Q

What is Hematocrite?

A

This this the formed elements in blood which accounts for approximatly 45%.

39
Q

What is secretede by platelets?

A

Thromboxane A2, ADP, and Serotonin

40
Q

What is the blood flow through the heart?

A

Vena Cava - Right Atrium - Tricuspid Valve - Right Ventricle - Pulmonary Semi-Lunar Valve - Pulmonary Trunk - Pulmonary Arteries - Pulmonary - Left Atrium - Bicuspid Valve - Left Ventricle - Aortic Semi-Lunar Valve - Aorta - Body.

41
Q

What are capillary sphincters?

A

Smooth muscles wrapped around the outside of the beginning portions of a capillary bed to restrict blood flow.

42
Q

What does the cardiac cycle represent?

A

1 beat of the heart.

43
Q

What happens in mid to late ventricular diastole?

A

Ventricular filling begins as blood enters the atria as the atrioventricular valves are open.

44
Q

What is Atrial systole?

A

Once the atria is filled, it contracts pushing more blood into the ventricles, increasing pressure.

45
Q

What happens when the ventricles are filled will blood.

A

Ventricular systole, the ventricles contract further increasing pressure which results in the atrioventricular valves close.

46
Q

What is Isovolumetric contraction?

A

Th is when all of the heart valves are closed.

47
Q

What happens during the rapid ejection phase.

A

Once pressure has built up during isovolumetric contraction the aortic and pulmonary valves open resulting in increased pressure in the pulmonary trunk and aorta.

48
Q

When are the atria in diastole?

A

During the rapid ejection phase.

49
Q

What is isovolumetric relaxation?

A

The ventricles enter into early diastole and the pressure drops in them, the pressure exerted by blood in the aorta and pulmonary trunk results in a momentary backflow of blood that closes the semi-lunar valves. Once pressure drops enough, the atrioventricular valves open again and the cardiac cycle repeats.

50
Q

What is the Dicrotic Notch?

A

The dip in aortic pressure as the aortic valve is closed.

51
Q

What is Hemostasis?

A

The bodies response to bleeding and repair of damages blood vessels?

52
Q

What are critical for the activation and production of plasma proteins?

A

Calcium and vitamin K.

53
Q

What are the three stages of Hemostasis?

A

Vascular Spasms, Platelet Plug Formation, and Coagulation?

54
Q

What are vascular spasms?

A

The immediate response to injury, of a blood vessel, the smooth muscles cells lining the exterior the vessel constrict to reduce blood flow.

55
Q

What is platelet plug formation?

A

Collagen fibers are exposed allowing platelets to stick and temporally seal breaks in blood vessels.

56
Q

What is coagulation

A

Fibrin forms a mesh that raps the red blood cells and platelets forming a clot. This is the start of the blood clotting cascade.

57
Q

What is the blood clotting cascade?

A

Our plasma has all the necessary components to form a blood clot, but they are inactive until activated by injury or trauma. The first activated factor activates the second and so on.

58
Q

What are the three last steps in the blood clotting cascade?

A

Prothrombin Activator, Thrombin, and Fibrin.

59
Q

What is Fibrinolysis?

A

The process to break down a clot once the vessel heals. Plasmin is activated and begins to breakdown fibrin.

60
Q

What causes the depolarization of cardiac muscle?

A

Influx of sodium ions through voltage gated channels. Positive feedback results in more sodium ions opening and a reversal in membrane potential occurs.

61
Q

What is the Plateau Phase?

A

Calcium ions enter though slow ion channels. This keeps the cell depolarized because few potassium ion channels are open letting potassium ions out.

62
Q

What causes repolarization?

A

Calcium ions are inactivated and potassium ion channels are open. The cell’s membrane potential returns to a resting state.

63
Q

What are differences between cardiac and muscle cell action potentials?

A
  1. Cardiac muscle cells have a longer period of innervation. Resulting in action potentials reaching more cells.
  2. Cardiac muscle cells spend the entirety of their action potential in absolute refractory period. A second action potential can not occur.
64
Q

What are beta blockers?

A

Used to treat high blood pressure, they block epinephrine. These results in the heart beating more slowly and will less force, lowering blood pressure. Additionally, they cause vasodilation, which decreases total peripheral resistance,

65
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Neuron stretch receptors located in the aorta and carotid arteries which are sensitive to changes in pressure,

66
Q

What are Chemoreceptors?

A

Neuron chemical receptors in the aorta and carotid arteries that detect changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions.

67
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

A

Blood pressure is immediately regulated when a sudden pressure change is detected, like when we get up in the morning?

68
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A
  1. Tunica Intima
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica Externa
69
Q

What factors alter the total perpherial resistance?

A
  1. Blood Viscosity
  2. Blood Vessel Length
  3. Blood Vessel Diameter
70
Q

What is the respiratory pump?

A

Venous return is aided by the reduced thoratic pressure when we breath out.

71
Q

What is the muscular pump?

A

Muscles assist in the venous return of blood.

72
Q

What is mean arterial pressure?

A

Sum of Diastolic Pressure and systolic blood pressure divided by 3. Not accuarate as the heart spends more time in diastolie.

73
Q

What is capillary blood pressure?

A

40-18 mmHg.

74
Q

What is venous blood pressure?

A

Less than 20 mmHg.

75
Q
A

Anatomy And Physiology For Respiratory Care (19 decks)

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