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Anatomy And Physiology For Respiratory Care > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Hemocytoblast?

A

Undifferentiated stem cell from which red and white blood cells are formed.

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2
Q

Where are Hemocytoblasts formed and what dictates there eventual identity?

A

Red bone marrow of long bones and hormones dictate their identity.

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3
Q

What is a Reticulocyte?

A

This is an immature red blood cell which circulates in the body for approximately 2 days before maturing.

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4
Q

What is the life span of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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5
Q

What is Plasma?

A

Liquid portion of the blood.

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6
Q

What is Serum?

A

Plasma with the clotting proteins removed.

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7
Q

What percent of the blood is plasma?

A

55%

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8
Q

What three basic protein groups are included in plasma?

A
  • Albunmins
  • Globulins
  • Fibrogen
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9
Q

What are the Formed Elements in blood?

A

Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, and Platelets.

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10
Q

What is the role of Erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

Rleased by the kidneys, it is part of a negative feedback homeostatic control mechanism to stimulate the production of red blood cells. In response to decreased oxygen concentration sensed in the blood, the kidneys releases EPO to stimulate the production of red blood cells, known as Erythropoiesis.

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11
Q

What is Erythropoiesis?

A

The process of producing red blood cells.

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12
Q

What is Erythroblastosis Fetalis?

A

This is a life threating disorder when the mother’s immune system attacks the red blood cells of the fetus because the blood of the mother is Rh negative, and the blood of the fetus is Rh positive. The mother will always be fine, but subsquient pregnancies after the first will result in worse outcomes for the fetus as the destruction of the fetus’ red blood cells leads to an increase in bilirubin, which damages developing neurons of the fetus.

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13
Q

What is the Epicardium?

A

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

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14
Q

What is the Myocardium?

A

The thickest middle layer of the heart where the cardiac muscle is found?

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15
Q

What is the Endocardium?

A

The layer of simple squamous epithial tissue the lines the cavities of the heart.

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16
Q
  1. What are Pectinate Muscles and Trabeculae Carne?
  2. Where are each found?
A
  1. Ridges in the mycardium that increase the surface area to increase the force of contraction.
  2. Pectinate Muscles are found in the right atrium and Trabeculae Carne are found in the ventricles.
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17
Q

What is the order of the heart’s intrinisc conduction system?

A
  1. Sinoatrial Node
  2. Atrioventricular Node
  3. Atrioventricular Bundle
  4. Bundle Branches
  5. Purkinje Fibers
18
Q

Why is the Sinoarterial Node the pacemaker of the heart?

A

It has more action potentials per minutes than anywhere else in the heart due to an increased amount of calcium ion channels.

19
Q

What are the waves on an EKG and what do they represent?

A
  1. P Wave: Atrial Depolarization
  2. QRS Wave: Atrial Repolizeration and Depolarization of the Ventricles
  3. T Wave: Ventrcular Repolarization
20
Q
  1. What are Leukocytes?
  2. What are the two major groups?
A
  1. White Blood Cells
  2. Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
21
Q

What is the main function of Neutrophils?

A

Phagocytize Bacteria

22
Q

What is the role of Eosinophils?

A

They help fight of parasitic infections and play in role in astham and allergies.

23
Q

What is the role of Basophils?

A

Release histsmine and heparin and are elevanted during inflammation.

24
Q

What is the role of Lymphocytes?

A

Mount immune response through the secretation of antibodies.

25
Q

What is the role of Monocytes?

A

Phagocytosis, and can develop into macrophages. Elevated during chronic conditions.

26
Q

List the leukocytes in order from most to least abundant.

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basioophils
27
Q

What are Elastic Arteries?

A

Known as conducting arteries, they are the closest to the heart and are very large.

28
Q

What are Musclar Arteries?

A

Known as distributing arteries, they take blood to specific areas of the body.

29
Q

What are Arterioles?

A

Known as resistance vessels, they are the smallest arteries that take blood to capillaries.

30
Q

What vein has the highest resistance to blood flow?

A

Arterioles

31
Q

How are arteries and veins different?

A

Arteries have much thicker walls due to the inclusion of elastic fibers. This allows them to retain their shape better and are not as responsive to pressure.

Veins lack elastic fiber and do not retain their shape meaning they can collapse if not filled with blood. Additionally, they contain valvues that prevent the backflow of blood.

32
Q

What are the smallest veins called?

A

Venules

33
Q

What are compliance vessels?

A

Veins are known as compliance vessels because of their greater capacity to stretch to fill with blood. Compliance is the ease of stretching of a vessel. This results in the veins holding the most blood at any given time.

34
Q

What are capillaries?

A

They consist of a layer of simple squamous epithial tissue with some connective tissue. This results in them being very thin to facilitate difussion.

35
Q

What are Continuous Capillaries?

A

The most common type and is considered the least permerable. Found in the brain, skin, and muscle.

36
Q

What are Fenestrated Capillaries?

A

Have large pores known as fenestrations to facilitate increased permeability. They are present where significant absorbtion and filtration is necessary, such as the kidneys and small intestine.

37
Q

What is the Frank-Starlings Law of the heart?

A

As venous return to the heart increases there is an increase in stretch in the ventricles. As a result contractile force increases and stroke volume increases resulting in increasers cardiac output.

38
Q

What is Hematocrite?

A

This this the formed elements in blood which accounts for approximatly 45%.

39
Q

What is secretede by platelets?

A

Thromboxane A2, ADP, and Serotonin

40
Q
A

Anatomy And Physiology For Respiratory Care (15 decks)

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