Chapter 24: Metabolism Flashcards
Anabolism (Anabolic Reactions)
Synthesis reactions using ATP to join smaller molecules into larger ones.
Catabolism (Catabolic Reactions)
Decomposition reactions which release energy when a larger molecule is broken down into a smaller molecule.
What is the relationship between Anabolic reactions and Catabolic Reactions?
Food is ingested and broken down via catabolic reactions. The energy released during these reactions can be converted to ATP, which can be used by cells to perform anabolic reactions.
Metabolism
The sum of all biochemical reactions in our body.
Starch
A naturally occurring polysaccharide which is primary found in plants.
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamins that are dissolve in fat and are stored in the body’s fatty tissue. Vitamins are organic and break down easily. Some of these ate vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Essential Amino Acids
Proteins contain all essential amino acids. These are tryptophan, methionine, valine, threonine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, histidine, arginine.
What is the body’s nitrogen balance?
The rate of protein synthesis should equal the rate of protein breakdown and loss. This is nitrogen balance. Positive nitrogen balance means that protein synthesis is greater and is usually occurs during pregnancy. Negative nitrogen balance means that the rate of protein loss is greater and usually occurs during starvation.
Role of NADH
NADH is an electron carrier and is the bodies main source for the creation of ATP. While ATP is made during glycolysis and the krebs cycle, NADH is also produced and shuttles electrons to the electron transport chain. NADH is taken down the electron transport chain which results in oxidative phosphorylation. Oxygen is needed for this cycle to work.
When is lactic acid produced?
Lactic acid is produced at the end of glycolysis when there is not sufficient oxygen for pyruvic acid to progress to the Krebs cycle.
Role of Acetyl CoA
Pyruvic acid is converted to Acetyl CoA so in can cross the mitochondria’s membrane. Acetyl CoA is broken down through the Krebs cycle to produce NADH and FADH2.
Beta Oxidation?
Fatty acids are broken down 2 carbons at a time and converted to Acetyl CoA so it can enter the Krebs cycle.
How and when are ketone bodies formed?
Ketone bodies are formed during the process of ketogenesis when Acetyl CoA is converted through anabolic reactions in the liver. This occurs when insulin is low and fatty acid concentration is high. The process is reversible through catabolic reactions. Ketone bodies are the result of excess Acetyle CoA.
Oxidative Deamination of Amino Acids?
This process converts amino acids to an intermediate of the Krebs Cycle by removing the amino group. This is then converted into urea and eliminated by the kidneys.
Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and produces more energy over a longer period of time. Anaerobic Respiration occurs without oxygen, occurs quickly, but makes less energy.
