respiratory system Flashcards
FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Pulmonary Ventilation
• External Respiration
• Internal Respiration
• Gas Transport
moving in and out of air. Also called as breathing.
Pulmonary Ventilation
Oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood vessels > RBC.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood vessels to the lungs
external respiration
Oxygen diffuses from blood vessels > RBC to tissues. Carbon
dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood vessles.
internal respiration
which is the movement of gases between
atmospheric air in the lungs and the blood
external respiration
which is the movement
of gases between the blood and the body
’s cells
internal respiration
Carbon dioxide and O2 travel in the blood to and from cells
gas transport
gas transportation of oxygen
Lungs – Blood Vessels – Tissues
gas transportation of carbon dioxide
Tissues – Blood Vessels– Lungs
The respiratory system can alter blood pH by changing blood CO2 levels.
Regulation of blood pH
Air moving past the vocal folds makes sound and speech possible
voice production
The sensation of smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity
olfaction
The respiratory system provides protection against some microorganisms by preventing
them from entering the body and removing them from respiratory surfaces.
protection
Jutting external portion is supported by bone and cartilage.
nose
FUNCTIONS of nose
1. provides an airway for respiration
2. moistens and warms entering air
3. filters and cleans inspired air
4. serves as a resonating chamber for speech
5. houses the olfactory (smell) receptors
Parts of the External Nose, area between the eyebrows
Root
central/anteromedial portion
bridge and dorsum nasi
tip of the nose
apex
opening of the nose
nares
lateral portion of the nares
alae
Nose vary in size and shape primarily because of the differences in
nasal cartilage
The nose is mostly oily because it is studded with____ which produces ____
sebaceous gland, sebum
Parts of the Internal Nose
nasal septum, conchae/turbinates
separates the nasal cavity from right to left
Nasal Septum
ridges of the nasal cavity which function to filter, warm and moisture air.
Conchae/Turbinates
lighten the skull, act as a resonating chamber and made up of cilia to sweep away mucus out of the sinus
Paranasal Sinuses
Common passageway of both respiratory and digestive systems.
Approximately 13cm in length extending from the base of the skull to the sixth vertebrae.
Also known as “throat”
pharynx
pharynx is approximately ____ in length
13 cm
opening of the pharynx
choane
pharynx divided into three
–Nasopharynx
–Oropharynx
–Laryngopharynx
-Extends from choanae to
uvula.
Nasopharynx
air passageway only
nasopharynx
prevents swallowed materials from entering the nasopharynx and
nasal cavity. It pushes food and other materials toward the back of the pharynx.
soft palate and uvula
Extends from uvula to epiglottis to oral cavity
Oropharynx
-Extends from epiglottis to
esophagus
LARYNGOPHARYNX
food and air passageway
oropharynx, laryngopharynx
action potential that will cause the uvula
and soft palate to move inferiorly to open the airway
sneeze reflex
Photic Sneeze Reflex
also known as Autosomal-Dominant Compelling Helio Ophthalmic
Outburst
•Located in the anterior throat and it connects
superiorly to the pharynx and inferiorly to the
trachea
larynx
Approximately ___ cm extending from the 3rd cervical to the 6th cervical vertebrae.
5
larynx has __ cartilage
9
also known as voicebox
larynx
unpaired cartilages of larynx
Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis
paired cartilage of larynx
arytenoid
cartilages, corniculate cartilages, and cuneiform
cartilages
o Largest and is attached to the hyoid bone
o Adam’s apple
thyroid cartilage
Inferior to the thyroid
Forms the base of the larynx
Cricoid Cartilage
constructed of elastic cartilage rather than hyaline cartilage
epiglottis
Prevents food from entering the larynx.
epiglottis
Vestibular Folds also known as
False Vocal Cords
o No role in sound production
Vestibular Folds (False Vocal Cords)
When 2 false vocal cords come together, they prevent air from leaving the
lungs. (Hold breath)
Vestibular Folds (False Vocal Cords)
o Medial pair
o Glottis: opening
o Function to produce sound
o When talking, true vocal cords come together and produce vibration
(sound)
vocal folds
Longer and Thicker Larynx
Slower Vibration – Deeper Voice/Low Pitch
Shorter and Thinner Larynx
Faster Vibration – Higher Pitch
Descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum. Consists of connective tissue and smooth muscle
trachea
Located anterior to the
esophagus and spine
trachea
•Consists of connective
tissue Has cartilage rings to help protect and support trachea from collapsing despite of the
pressure changes inside.
trachea (anterior)
Smooth Muscle/Trachealis (located posteriorly)
for flexibility
trachea has Has ____ C-shaped
cartilages
16-20
The trachea is lined with pseudostratified columnar which is made up of cilia and goblet
cells (produces mucus). The_____ sweeps away the mucus produced by the goblet cells out
of the trachea.
cilia
constant irritation of the trachea due to smoking, dust inhalation and the like,
pseudostratified columnar can be replaced by _____ which is not ciliated.
squamous epithelium
The end of the trachea (tracheal bifurcation) is called as
carina
•The trachea
divides into the left
and right bronchi,
each of which
connects to a lung.
bronchi
bronchi The ___ is more horizontal because it is crowded by heart
left
bronchi, The __ is wider, shorter and vertical.
right
The trachea divides to form two smaller tubes called
main bronchi, or primary bronchi
arise directly from the main bronchi. In the
lobar bronchi, the C-shaped cartilage rings are replaced with cartilage plates
Secondary Bronchi (Lobar bronchi)
In the left lung,
there are ___ lobar bronchi.
2
right lung, there are ___ lobar bronchi.
3
supply subdivisions within each lung
lobe, which are called bronchopulmonary segments. As the bronchi become smaller, the cartilage
becomes sparse, and smooth muscle becomes more abundant
segmental bronchi, or tertiary bronchi,
result from continued branching of the segmental bronchi. Bronchioles are
less than 1 mm in diameter and have less cartilage and more smooth muscle
bronchioles
•Principal organs of respiration
lungs
lung, resting on the diaphragm
base
lungs, extending superiorly to a point about
2.5 cm above the clavicle
apex
tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in size
lung recoil
important to reduce surface tension. Too much surface tension can lead to
lung collapse.
Surfactant
Each lung is surrounded by a separate pleural cavity. Each pleural cavity is line with a
serous membrane called pleura
lines chest wall, mediastinum and diaphragm.
Parietal Pleura
lines the surface of the lungs
Visceral pleura
produced by the pleural membranes that functions to act as a lubricant
and to help hold the pleural membrane together.
Pleural fluid
the site of gas exchange
alveoli
Process of measuring volumes of air that moves into and out of the respiratory tract.
SPIROMETRY
gas exchange, inhalation (atmospheric air) - PO2 (_____) - PCO2 (_____)
160mm Hg, 0.3mm Hg
gas exchange, alveolar air - PO2 (_____), PCO2 (______)
104mm Hg, 40mm Hg
