axial bones book Flashcards
a hole in a bone is called a
foramen
If the hole is elongated into a tunnel-like passage through the bone, it is called a
canal
or a meatus
A depression in a bone is called a
fossa
A rounded projection on a bone is called a
tubercle
knob) or a tuberosity (TOO-ber-OS-i-tee), and a sharp projection from a bone is
called a
process
Most tubercles and processes are sites of
muscle attachment on
the bone
Increased muscle pull, as occurs when a person lifts weights to build up
muscle mass, can?
increase the size of some tubercles
The smooth, rounded end of a
bone, where it forms a joint with another bone, is called a
condyle
Body, shaft
Main portion
Enlarged (often rounded) end
Head
Constricted area between head and body
neck
Smooth, rounded articular surface
condyle
Small, flattened articular surface
facet
Prominent ridge
crest
Prominent projection
process
Knob or enlargement
tubercle, tuberosity
Large tuberosity found only on proximal femur
trochanter
Enlargement near or above a condyle
epicondyle
hole
foramen
Tunnel
canal, meatus
Cleft
fissure
Cavity
sinus
Depression
fossa
forms the central axis of the body. It protects the brain, the spinal
cord, and the vital organs housed within the thorax.
axial skeleton
The skull consists of __ cranial bones and __ facial bones, a total of ___ bones
8 ;14 ; 22
house
and protect the brain.
cranial bones and cranium
Both the exterior and the interior of the skull have visible
ridges and lines
The cranial bones are connected by immovable joints called
sutures
four principal sutures
(1) coronal, (2) sagittal, (3)
lambdoid, and (4) squamous
All other skull bones are held together by
sutures
The top of the skull, called the
calvaria
often removed to view the interior of the skull.
calvaria
form the basis of the face; contain cavities for the eyes, nose, and
mouth; and are the attachment sites for our facial expression muscles.
facial bones
The 8 bones of the cranium include:
(1) the frontal bone, (2 and 3) the 2 parietal
bones, (4 and 5) the 2 temporal bones, (6) the occipital bone, (7) the sphenoid bone,
and (8) the ethmoid bone.
connected to the two parietal bones by the coronal suture
frontal bone
The frontal bone is connected to the two parietal bones by the
coronal suture
most well-known at the “forehead.
”
frontal bone
forms the roof of both the orbit of the eye and the nasal cavity
frontal bone
The superior
border of each of the orbits contains a
supraorbital foramen, or notch
allows passage of a blood vessel and nerve for the eyelid and eye
supraorbital foramen, or notch
frontal bone; Between the two
orbits is the ____ a smooth region of bone
glabella
The frontal bone also
contains the ____ one of the paranasal sinuses
frontal sinus
Internally,
the frontal bone forms the _______ which supports lobes of the
brain.
anterior cranial fossa,
form nearly half of the superior portion of the skull
paired parietal bones
The two parietal bones are joined by what suture
sagittal suture
The two parietal bones are joined by the sagittal suture and are
connected to the occipital bone by the
lamboid suture
Along with the temporal
bones, the parietal bones make up the majority of the
lateral portion of the skull.
are connected to the skull by the squamous sutures
temporal bones
The temporal bones are connected to the skull by the
squamous sutures
The term temporal means
related to time
the temporal bone’s name
is derived from the
observation that the hair on the temples turns gray as a person
ages
The temporal bone is subdivided into three main regions:
(1) the squamous
part, (2) the tympanic part, and (3) the petrous part.
The _____ _____ of each temporal bone meets the parietal bone
squamous part
extends from the squamous part anteriorly toward the
zygomatic bone of the face.
zygomatic process
The zygomatic
(zie-goh-MAT-ik) process extends from the squamous part anteriorly toward the
zygomatic bone of the face. It joins with the zygomatic bone to form the
zygomatic
arch
a bridge across the side of the skull
zygomatic arch
bone processes are
named for the bones to which they extend
an oval-shaped
fossa on the inferior side, called the
mandibular fossa
attachment site of the mandible (lower jaw).
mandibular fossa
______ of the temporal bone has the prominent external auditory canal
(external acoustic meatus), which transmits sound waves toward the eardrum, or
tympanic membrane. The external ear surrounds the external acoustic meatus.
tympanic part
tympanic part of the temporal bone has the prominent
external auditory canal
(external acoustic meatus)
which transmits sound waves toward the eardrum, or
tympanic membrane. The external ear surrounds the external acoustic meatus.
external auditory canal
(external acoustic meatus)
The _____ ______ of the temporal bone extends inward toward the center of the skull.
petrous part
a thick, bony ridge (petrous; rocky), is hollow, and houses the middle and inner ears.
petrous part
is located on the
posterior surface of the petrous part and is the opening for a nerve controlling hearing
and balance
internal auditory canal
is a
large, bony inferior projection that can be seen and felt just posterior to the external ear.
mastoid process
This process is not solid bone, but is filled with cavities called mastoid air cells, which
are connected to the middle ear and can sometimes become infected
mastoid process
mastoid process is not solid bone, but is filled with cavities called
mastoid air cells
mastoid process is not solid bone, but is filled with cavities called mastoid air cells, which
are connected to the middle ear and can sometimes become infected, causing
mastoiditis
projects from the lower portion of the petrous part of the temporal bone.
styloid process
serves as an attachment site for three muscles necessary for movement of
the tongue, hyoid bone, and pharynx.
styloid process
is located
between the styloid process and mastoid process and allows for passage of a nerve
controlling facial muscles.
stylomastoid foramen
allow the jugular veins to carry the majority of the blood away from
the brain.
jugular foramina
are the major entry point for blood
delivery to the brain
carotid canals
is an easily
noticeable opening in a dried skull at the border of the petrous part and the sphenoid
bone. However, this foramen is only an artifact of the dried skull; in life, this
opening is closed off by cartilage.
foramen lacerum
makes up the majority of the skull’s posterior wall and base
occipital bone
occipital bone’s most prominent feature is the
foramen magnum
the opening where the brainstem connects to the spinal cord
foramen magnum
support the cerebellum of the brain
posterior cranial fossae
occipital bone; two rounded projections on either
side of the foramen magnum are the
occipital condyles
the points of articulation between the skull and the first cervical vertebra. This articulation partly allows for nodding “yes.
”
occipital condyles
The ______ lines are points of attachment for several neck muscles
that move the head.
nuchal lines
(NOO-kal; nape of neck)
Although appearing to be two bones, one on each side of the skull anterior to the
temporal bone, the ________ is actually a single bone that
extends completely across the skull
sphenoid bone
When viewed as a whole, the ______ somewhat resembles a butterfly.
sphenoid bone
The center of the sphenoid bone forms a central prominence within the floor of
the cranial cavity. The shape of this prominence resembles a saddle, called the
sella
turcica
surrounds and protects the pituitary gland
sella
turcica
Within the body of the sphenoid bone
are the
sphenoidal sinuses
is located on each
side of the sphenoid bone just anterior to the sella turcica. is the
passageway for the optic nerve to enter the brain from the eyes.
optic canal
Three additional
paired foramina are located on either side of the sella turcica:
(1) the foramen
rotundum, (2) the foramen ovale (oh-VAL-ee), and (3) the foramen spinosum
passageways for blood vessels and
nerves that service the brain as well as the meninges, protective membranes that
surround the brain.
formina
(1) form the floor of
the middle cranial fossa, (2) are a part of the lateral skull wall, and (3) form the
posterior wall of the orbits. The sphenoid bone also forms a ridge on each side of the
optic canals.
The lateral portions of the sphenoid bone
also forms a ridge on each side of the
optic canals. This ridge separates the anterior cranial fossa from the middle cranial
fossa. Additionally, this ridge is the superior border of the superior orbital
fissure
sphenoid bone
where cranial nerves controlling eye movement enter the orbit
superior orbital
fissure
which extend inferiorly, are attachment sites for
muscles of mastication
pterygoid processes
appropriately named because it is
a very porous, fragile bone
ethmoid (ETH-moid; ethmos, sieve) bone
It is centrally located in the skull, forming the nasal
septum (wall), a large portion of the nasal cavity, as well as the medial wall of the
orbits
nasal
septum
The sinuses within the ethmoid bone form the
ethmoidal sinuses
prominent
ridge of the ethmoid bone. The ______ is an attachment site for the meninges of
the brain.
crista galli
Located on each side of the crista galli are the
cribriform plates
each of which houses one of the two olfactory bulbs that transmit
signals for the sense of smell from the nasal cavity to the brain.
cribriform plates
The cribriform
plates contain numerous foramina, called ____ which allow
olfactory nerves to enter the nasal cavity
olfactory foramina
Extending
inferiorly from the ethmoid bone is a central, thin bony plate called the
perpendicular plate
The perpendicular plate forms the superior
portion of the nasal septum, which divides the nasal cavity into right and left
halves.
nasal septum
Protruding medially from the ethmoid bone are two scroll-shaped bones
called the
conchae
increase the surface area in the nasal cavity, thereby facilitating
moistening of and removal of particles from air in the nasal cavity, and warming of
the air inhaled through the nose
three nasal conchae
Considered together, the sinuses found in the frontal bone, the ethmoid bone, the
sphenoid bone, and the maxilla are called the
paranasal sinuses
openings within particular bones that open into the nasal
cavity.
paranasal sinuses
The sinuses have two major functions:
(1) they decrease the weight of the
skull and (2) they act as a resonating chamber when speaking. Compare the sound of
your voice during a head cold to its sound normally.
cone-shaped fossae.
orbits
because they allow the eyes to rotate within the fossae. Portions of multiple bones
converge to form this
orbits
protect the eyes and are the locations where
the muscles controlling eye movements attach. The ____ have several openings
through which structures communicate between the orbit and other cavities.
orbit
The
nasolacrimal duct passes from the orbit into the nasal cavity through the
_________, carrying tears from the eyes to the nasal cavity.
nasolacrimal canal
The optic
nerve for vision passes from the eye through the ___ and enters ____
optic canal and cranial
cavity
provide
openings through which nerves and blood vessels communicate with structures in
the orbit or pass to the face.
Superior and inferior orbital fissures in the posterior of the orbits
has a rounded opening anteriorly and is separated into right and left
halves by the nasal septum.
nasal cavity
forms the
anterior part of the nasal septum.
hyaline cartilage
The entrances to the nasal cavity in a dried skull
are much larger than the openings in a living person. This is because the external
nose is formed mostly of hyaline cartilage and will be absent from a dried skull.
only visible portions of the external nose in a dried skull are
(1) the two nasal bones
and (2) the maxilla
there are ___ facial bones
14
form the structure
of the face in the anterior of the skull.
facial bones
protect the major sensory
organs located in the face: the eyes, nose, and tongue. These bones also provide
attachment points for muscles controlling mastication, facial expressions associated
with our emotions, and eye movements. It is the bones of the face and their soft
tissues that determine the uniqueness of each individual’s facial appearanc
facial bones
commonly known as the cheekbones, are
anterior to the sphenoid bone
zygomatic bones
temporal process of the zygomatic bone
articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the
zygomatic
arch.
anterior and inferior to the
zygomatic bones, and the two maxillae are fused in the center
maxilla
The maxillae are two of the three jaw bones, and form
(1) the upper jaw, (2)
the majority of the roof of the mouth, and (3) the center portion of the face.
Each of
the two maxillary bones has a palatine process. These join medially to form the
anterior two-thirds of the ________ or the roof of the mouth.
hard palate,
located just posterior to the front teeth and allows passage of blood
vessels and nerves.
incisive foramen
separates the nasal cavity from the
mouth, enabling humans to chew and breathe at the same time.
palate
Below the orbits, within each maxilla is an ______ for passage of
a facial nerve and artery
infraorbital foramen
At the junction of the maxilla with the
greater wing of the sphenoid bone is the _____.
This fissure allows the passage of several nerves and blood vessels to the face.
inferior orbital fissure
have horizontal plates that fuse centrally to form the posterior
portion of the hard palate as described earlier with the maxillae.
palatine bones
are the smallest of the skull bones and
house the depression through which the nasolacrimal duct enters the nasolacrimal
canal, joining the orbits and nasal cavity
lacrimal (LAK-rim-al; tears) bones
along with the frontal processes of the maxillae, form the bridge
of the nose.
nasal bones
is the only skull bone that is freely movable relative to
the other skull bones.
mandible
is inferior to the maxillae and attaches posteriorly to the
temporal bone via the
mandibular fossae
The mandible joins the
temporal bone by way of the attachment of the _____ with the
mandibular fossa.
mandibular condyle
is anterior to the
mandibular condyle. The powerful muscle of mastication, the temporalis muscle,
attaches to the ______
coronoid (KOR-oh-noyd) process
On each anterior surface of the mandible is the
______for passage of nerves and blood vessels to the chin.
mental foramen
forms most of the posterior portion of the nasal septum
vomer
as discussed with the ethmoid bone, is one of the
three conchae in the nasal cavity that provide increased surface area
inferior nasal concha
important for speech and swallowing. Some tongue
muscles as well as neck muscles that elevate the larynx attach to this bone
hyoid bone
unpaired, and is often listed as part of the facial bones. However, it is
not part of the adult skull. has the unique distinction
of being the only bone in the body not directly attached to another bone. It has no
direct bony attachment to the skull. Instead, muscles and ligaments attach it to the
skull, so this bone is embedded in soft tissue in the neck just below the mandible.
hyoid bone
vertebral column performs five major functions: (1) It supports the weight of
the head and trunk, (2) it protects the spinal cord, (3) it allows spinal nerves to exit
the spinal cord, (4) it provides a site for muscle attachment, and (5) it permits
movement of the head and trunk.
The vertebral column usually consists of
26 bones
vertebral column can be divided into five regions: 7 cervical vertebrae
(VER-teh-bray), 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 1 sacral bone, and
1 coccygeal (kok-SIJ-ee-al) bone
The developing embryo has about ___, but by adulthood the 5 sacral
vertebrae have fused to form 1 bone, and the 4 or 5 coccygeal bones usually have
fused to form 1 bone.
33 or 34 vertebrae
The adult vertebral column has ____ major curvatures
four
vertebral column, curves anteriorly
cervical region
curves posteriorly
thoracic region
curves anteriorly
lumbar region
the sacral and coccygeal region
curve posteriorly
the solid bony disk of each
vertebra, supports the body
’s weight.
vertebral body
along with the body, protects the spinal cord
vertebral arch
Together, the vertebral arch and the body
form a complete bony circle enclosing the _____, which is occupied
by the spinal cord in a living person.
vertebral foramen
The vertebral foramina of adjacent vertebrae
combine to form the _______, which contains the entire spinal cord and
cauda equina
vertebral canal
The vertebral arch is divided into left and right
halves, and each half has two parts: (1) the pedicle (PED-ih-kul; foot), which is
attached to the body, and (2) the lamina (LAM-i-na; thin plate), which forms the
posterior portion of the vertebral foramen
extends laterally from each side of the arch between the
lamina and the pedicle,
transverse process
single _____ lies at the junction between
the two laminae. The spinous processes can be seen and felt as a series of rounded
projections down the midline of the back
spinous process
are the
locations where two vertebrae meet
intervertebral foramina
Each intervertebral foramen is
formed by _____ in the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae
intervertebral notches
