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Anaphy > axial bones book > Flashcards

axial bones book Flashcards

1
Q

a hole in a bone is called a

A

foramen

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2
Q

If the hole is elongated into a tunnel-like passage through the bone, it is called a

A

canal
or a meatus

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3
Q

A depression in a bone is called a

A

fossa

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4
Q

A rounded projection on a bone is called a

A

tubercle

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5
Q

knob) or a tuberosity (TOO-ber-OS-i-tee), and a sharp projection from a bone is
called a

A

process

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6
Q

Most tubercles and processes are sites of

A

muscle attachment on
the bone

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7
Q

Increased muscle pull, as occurs when a person lifts weights to build up
muscle mass, can?

A

increase the size of some tubercles

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8
Q

The smooth, rounded end of a
bone, where it forms a joint with another bone, is called a

A

condyle

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9
Q

Body, shaft

A

Main portion

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10
Q

Enlarged (often rounded) end

A

Head

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11
Q

Constricted area between head and body

A

neck

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12
Q

Smooth, rounded articular surface

A

condyle

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13
Q

Small, flattened articular surface

A

facet

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14
Q

Prominent ridge

A

crest

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15
Q

Prominent projection

A

process

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16
Q

Knob or enlargement

A

tubercle, tuberosity

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17
Q

Large tuberosity found only on proximal femur

A

trochanter

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18
Q

Enlargement near or above a condyle

A

epicondyle

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19
Q

hole

A

foramen

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20
Q

Tunnel

A

canal, meatus

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21
Q

Cleft

A

fissure

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22
Q

Cavity

A

sinus

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23
Q

Depression

A

fossa

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24
Q

forms the central axis of the body. It protects the brain, the spinal
cord, and the vital organs housed within the thorax.

A

axial skeleton

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25
Q

The skull consists of __ cranial bones and __ facial bones, a total of ___ bones

A

8 ;14 ; 22

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26
Q

house
and protect the brain.

A

cranial bones and cranium

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27
Q

Both the exterior and the interior of the skull have visible
ridges and lines

A
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28
Q

The cranial bones are connected by immovable joints called

A

sutures

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29
Q

four principal sutures

A

(1) coronal, (2) sagittal, (3)
lambdoid, and (4) squamous

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30
Q

All other skull bones are held together by

A

sutures

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31
Q

The top of the skull, called the

A

calvaria

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32
Q

often removed to view the interior of the skull.

A

calvaria

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33
Q

form the basis of the face; contain cavities for the eyes, nose, and
mouth; and are the attachment sites for our facial expression muscles.

A

facial bones

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34
Q

The 8 bones of the cranium include:

A

(1) the frontal bone, (2 and 3) the 2 parietal
bones, (4 and 5) the 2 temporal bones, (6) the occipital bone, (7) the sphenoid bone,
and (8) the ethmoid bone.

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35
Q

connected to the two parietal bones by the coronal suture

A

frontal bone

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36
Q

The frontal bone is connected to the two parietal bones by the

A

coronal suture

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37
Q

most well-known at the “forehead.
”

A

frontal bone

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38
Q

forms the roof of both the orbit of the eye and the nasal cavity

A

frontal bone

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39
Q

The superior
border of each of the orbits contains a

A

supraorbital foramen, or notch

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40
Q

allows passage of a blood vessel and nerve for the eyelid and eye

A

supraorbital foramen, or notch

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41
Q

frontal bone; Between the two
orbits is the ____ a smooth region of bone

A

glabella

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42
Q

The frontal bone also
contains the ____ one of the paranasal sinuses

A

frontal sinus

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43
Q

Internally,
the frontal bone forms the _______ which supports lobes of the
brain.

A

anterior cranial fossa,

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44
Q

form nearly half of the superior portion of the skull

A

paired parietal bones

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45
Q

The two parietal bones are joined by what suture

A

sagittal suture

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46
Q

The two parietal bones are joined by the sagittal suture and are
connected to the occipital bone by the

A

lamboid suture

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47
Q

Along with the temporal
bones, the parietal bones make up the majority of the

A

lateral portion of the skull.

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48
Q

are connected to the skull by the squamous sutures

A

temporal bones

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49
Q

The temporal bones are connected to the skull by the

A

squamous sutures

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50
Q

The term temporal means

A

related to time

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51
Q

the temporal bone’s name
is derived from the

A

observation that the hair on the temples turns gray as a person
ages

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52
Q

The temporal bone is subdivided into three main regions:

A

(1) the squamous
part, (2) the tympanic part, and (3) the petrous part.

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53
Q

The _____ _____ of each temporal bone meets the parietal bone

A

squamous part

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54
Q

extends from the squamous part anteriorly toward the
zygomatic bone of the face.

A

zygomatic process

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55
Q

The zygomatic
(zie-goh-MAT-ik) process extends from the squamous part anteriorly toward the
zygomatic bone of the face. It joins with the zygomatic bone to form the

A

zygomatic
arch

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56
Q

a bridge across the side of the skull

A

zygomatic arch

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57
Q

bone processes are
named for the bones to which they extend

A
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58
Q

an oval-shaped
fossa on the inferior side, called the

A

mandibular fossa

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59
Q

attachment site of the mandible (lower jaw).

A

mandibular fossa

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60
Q

______ of the temporal bone has the prominent external auditory canal
(external acoustic meatus), which transmits sound waves toward the eardrum, or
tympanic membrane. The external ear surrounds the external acoustic meatus.

A

tympanic part

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61
Q

tympanic part of the temporal bone has the prominent

A

external auditory canal
(external acoustic meatus)

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62
Q

which transmits sound waves toward the eardrum, or
tympanic membrane. The external ear surrounds the external acoustic meatus.

A

external auditory canal
(external acoustic meatus)

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63
Q

The _____ ______ of the temporal bone extends inward toward the center of the skull.

A

petrous part

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64
Q

a thick, bony ridge (petrous; rocky), is hollow, and houses the middle and inner ears.

A

petrous part

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65
Q

is located on the
posterior surface of the petrous part and is the opening for a nerve controlling hearing
and balance

A

internal auditory canal

66
Q

is a
large, bony inferior projection that can be seen and felt just posterior to the external ear.

A

mastoid process

67
Q

This process is not solid bone, but is filled with cavities called mastoid air cells, which
are connected to the middle ear and can sometimes become infected

A

mastoid process

68
Q

mastoid process is not solid bone, but is filled with cavities called

A

mastoid air cells

69
Q

mastoid process is not solid bone, but is filled with cavities called mastoid air cells, which
are connected to the middle ear and can sometimes become infected, causing

A

mastoiditis

70
Q

projects from the lower portion of the petrous part of the temporal bone.

A

styloid process

71
Q

serves as an attachment site for three muscles necessary for movement of
the tongue, hyoid bone, and pharynx.

A

styloid process

72
Q

is located
between the styloid process and mastoid process and allows for passage of a nerve
controlling facial muscles.

A

stylomastoid foramen

73
Q

allow the jugular veins to carry the majority of the blood away from
the brain.

A

jugular foramina

74
Q

are the major entry point for blood
delivery to the brain

A

carotid canals

75
Q

is an easily
noticeable opening in a dried skull at the border of the petrous part and the sphenoid
bone. However, this foramen is only an artifact of the dried skull; in life, this
opening is closed off by cartilage.

A

foramen lacerum

76
Q

makes up the majority of the skull’s posterior wall and base

A

occipital bone

77
Q

occipital bone’s most prominent feature is the

A

foramen magnum

78
Q

the opening where the brainstem connects to the spinal cord

A

foramen magnum

79
Q

support the cerebellum of the brain

A

posterior cranial fossae

80
Q

occipital bone; two rounded projections on either
side of the foramen magnum are the

A

occipital condyles

81
Q

the points of articulation between the skull and the first cervical vertebra. This articulation partly allows for nodding “yes.
”

A

occipital condyles

82
Q

The ______ lines are points of attachment for several neck muscles
that move the head.

A

nuchal lines
(NOO-kal; nape of neck)

83
Q

Although appearing to be two bones, one on each side of the skull anterior to the
temporal bone, the ________ is actually a single bone that
extends completely across the skull

A

sphenoid bone

84
Q

When viewed as a whole, the ______ somewhat resembles a butterfly.

A

sphenoid bone

85
Q

The center of the sphenoid bone forms a central prominence within the floor of
the cranial cavity. The shape of this prominence resembles a saddle, called the

A

sella
turcica

86
Q

surrounds and protects the pituitary gland

A

sella
turcica

87
Q

Within the body of the sphenoid bone
are the

A

sphenoidal sinuses

88
Q

is located on each
side of the sphenoid bone just anterior to the sella turcica. is the
passageway for the optic nerve to enter the brain from the eyes.

A

optic canal

89
Q

Three additional
paired foramina are located on either side of the sella turcica:

A

(1) the foramen
rotundum, (2) the foramen ovale (oh-VAL-ee), and (3) the foramen spinosum

90
Q

passageways for blood vessels and
nerves that service the brain as well as the meninges, protective membranes that
surround the brain.

A

formina

91
Q

(1) form the floor of
the middle cranial fossa, (2) are a part of the lateral skull wall, and (3) form the
posterior wall of the orbits. The sphenoid bone also forms a ridge on each side of the
optic canals.

A

The lateral portions of the sphenoid bone

92
Q

also forms a ridge on each side of the
optic canals. This ridge separates the anterior cranial fossa from the middle cranial
fossa. Additionally, this ridge is the superior border of the superior orbital
fissure

A

sphenoid bone

93
Q

where cranial nerves controlling eye movement enter the orbit

A

superior orbital
fissure

94
Q

which extend inferiorly, are attachment sites for
muscles of mastication

A

pterygoid processes

95
Q

appropriately named because it is
a very porous, fragile bone

A

ethmoid (ETH-moid; ethmos, sieve) bone

96
Q

It is centrally located in the skull, forming the nasal
septum (wall), a large portion of the nasal cavity, as well as the medial wall of the
orbits

A

nasal
septum

97
Q

The sinuses within the ethmoid bone form the

A

ethmoidal sinuses

98
Q

prominent
ridge of the ethmoid bone. The ______ is an attachment site for the meninges of
the brain.

A

crista galli

99
Q

Located on each side of the crista galli are the

A

cribriform plates

100
Q

each of which houses one of the two olfactory bulbs that transmit
signals for the sense of smell from the nasal cavity to the brain.

A

cribriform plates

101
Q

The cribriform
plates contain numerous foramina, called ____ which allow
olfactory nerves to enter the nasal cavity

A

olfactory foramina

102
Q

Extending
inferiorly from the ethmoid bone is a central, thin bony plate called the

A

perpendicular plate

103
Q

The perpendicular plate forms the superior
portion of the nasal septum, which divides the nasal cavity into right and left
halves.

A

nasal septum

104
Q

Protruding medially from the ethmoid bone are two scroll-shaped bones
called the

A

conchae

105
Q

increase the surface area in the nasal cavity, thereby facilitating
moistening of and removal of particles from air in the nasal cavity, and warming of
the air inhaled through the nose

A

three nasal conchae

106
Q

Considered together, the sinuses found in the frontal bone, the ethmoid bone, the
sphenoid bone, and the maxilla are called the

A

paranasal sinuses

107
Q

openings within particular bones that open into the nasal
cavity.

A

paranasal sinuses

108
Q

The sinuses have two major functions:

A

(1) they decrease the weight of the
skull and (2) they act as a resonating chamber when speaking. Compare the sound of
your voice during a head cold to its sound normally.

109
Q

cone-shaped fossae.

A

orbits

110
Q

because they allow the eyes to rotate within the fossae. Portions of multiple bones
converge to form this

A

orbits

111
Q

protect the eyes and are the locations where
the muscles controlling eye movements attach. The ____ have several openings
through which structures communicate between the orbit and other cavities.

A

orbit

112
Q

The
nasolacrimal duct passes from the orbit into the nasal cavity through the
_________, carrying tears from the eyes to the nasal cavity.

A

nasolacrimal canal

113
Q

The optic
nerve for vision passes from the eye through the ___ and enters ____

A

optic canal and cranial
cavity

114
Q

provide
openings through which nerves and blood vessels communicate with structures in
the orbit or pass to the face.

A

Superior and inferior orbital fissures in the posterior of the orbits

115
Q

has a rounded opening anteriorly and is separated into right and left
halves by the nasal septum.

A

nasal cavity

116
Q

forms the
anterior part of the nasal septum.

A

hyaline cartilage

117
Q

The entrances to the nasal cavity in a dried skull
are much larger than the openings in a living person. This is because the external
nose is formed mostly of hyaline cartilage and will be absent from a dried skull.

A
118
Q

only visible portions of the external nose in a dried skull are

A

(1) the two nasal bones
and (2) the maxilla

119
Q

there are ___ facial bones

A

14

120
Q

form the structure
of the face in the anterior of the skull.

A

facial bones

121
Q

protect the major sensory
organs located in the face: the eyes, nose, and tongue. These bones also provide
attachment points for muscles controlling mastication, facial expressions associated
with our emotions, and eye movements. It is the bones of the face and their soft
tissues that determine the uniqueness of each individual’s facial appearanc

A

facial bones

122
Q

commonly known as the cheekbones, are
anterior to the sphenoid bone

A

zygomatic bones

123
Q

temporal process of the zygomatic bone
articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the

A

zygomatic
arch.

124
Q

anterior and inferior to the
zygomatic bones, and the two maxillae are fused in the center

A

maxilla

125
Q

The maxillae are two of the three jaw bones, and form

A

(1) the upper jaw, (2)
the majority of the roof of the mouth, and (3) the center portion of the face.

126
Q

Each of
the two maxillary bones has a palatine process. These join medially to form the
anterior two-thirds of the ________ or the roof of the mouth.

A

hard palate,

127
Q

located just posterior to the front teeth and allows passage of blood
vessels and nerves.

A

incisive foramen

128
Q

separates the nasal cavity from the
mouth, enabling humans to chew and breathe at the same time.

A

palate

129
Q

Below the orbits, within each maxilla is an ______ for passage of
a facial nerve and artery

A

infraorbital foramen

130
Q

At the junction of the maxilla with the
greater wing of the sphenoid bone is the _____.
This fissure allows the passage of several nerves and blood vessels to the face.

A

inferior orbital fissure

131
Q

have horizontal plates that fuse centrally to form the posterior
portion of the hard palate as described earlier with the maxillae.

A

palatine bones

132
Q

are the smallest of the skull bones and
house the depression through which the nasolacrimal duct enters the nasolacrimal
canal, joining the orbits and nasal cavity

A

lacrimal (LAK-rim-al; tears) bones

133
Q

along with the frontal processes of the maxillae, form the bridge
of the nose.

A

nasal bones

134
Q

is the only skull bone that is freely movable relative to
the other skull bones.

A

mandible

135
Q

is inferior to the maxillae and attaches posteriorly to the
temporal bone via the

A

mandibular fossae

136
Q

The mandible joins the
temporal bone by way of the attachment of the _____ with the
mandibular fossa.

A

mandibular condyle

137
Q

is anterior to the
mandibular condyle. The powerful muscle of mastication, the temporalis muscle,
attaches to the ______

A

coronoid (KOR-oh-noyd) process

138
Q

On each anterior surface of the mandible is the
______for passage of nerves and blood vessels to the chin.

A

mental foramen

139
Q

forms most of the posterior portion of the nasal septum

A

vomer

140
Q

as discussed with the ethmoid bone, is one of the
three conchae in the nasal cavity that provide increased surface area

A

inferior nasal concha

141
Q

important for speech and swallowing. Some tongue
muscles as well as neck muscles that elevate the larynx attach to this bone

A

hyoid bone

142
Q

unpaired, and is often listed as part of the facial bones. However, it is
not part of the adult skull. has the unique distinction
of being the only bone in the body not directly attached to another bone. It has no
direct bony attachment to the skull. Instead, muscles and ligaments attach it to the
skull, so this bone is embedded in soft tissue in the neck just below the mandible.

A

hyoid bone

143
Q

vertebral column performs five major functions: (1) It supports the weight of
the head and trunk, (2) it protects the spinal cord, (3) it allows spinal nerves to exit
the spinal cord, (4) it provides a site for muscle attachment, and (5) it permits
movement of the head and trunk.

A
144
Q

The vertebral column usually consists of

A

26 bones

145
Q

vertebral column can be divided into five regions: 7 cervical vertebrae
(VER-teh-bray), 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 1 sacral bone, and
1 coccygeal (kok-SIJ-ee-al) bone

A
146
Q

The developing embryo has about ___, but by adulthood the 5 sacral
vertebrae have fused to form 1 bone, and the 4 or 5 coccygeal bones usually have
fused to form 1 bone.

A

33 or 34 vertebrae

147
Q

The adult vertebral column has ____ major curvatures

A

four

148
Q

vertebral column, curves anteriorly

A

cervical region

149
Q

curves posteriorly

A

thoracic region

150
Q

curves anteriorly

A

lumbar region

151
Q

the sacral and coccygeal region

A

curve posteriorly

152
Q

the solid bony disk of each
vertebra, supports the body
’s weight.

A

vertebral body

153
Q

along with the body, protects the spinal cord

A

vertebral arch

154
Q

Together, the vertebral arch and the body
form a complete bony circle enclosing the _____, which is occupied
by the spinal cord in a living person.

A

vertebral foramen

155
Q

The vertebral foramina of adjacent vertebrae
combine to form the _______, which contains the entire spinal cord and
cauda equina

A

vertebral canal

156
Q

The vertebral arch is divided into left and right
halves, and each half has two parts: (1) the pedicle (PED-ih-kul; foot), which is
attached to the body, and (2) the lamina (LAM-i-na; thin plate), which forms the
posterior portion of the vertebral foramen

A
157
Q

extends laterally from each side of the arch between the
lamina and the pedicle,

A

transverse process

158
Q

single _____ lies at the junction between
the two laminae. The spinous processes can be seen and felt as a series of rounded
projections down the midline of the back

A

spinous process

159
Q

are the
locations where two vertebrae meet

A

intervertebral foramina

160
Q

Each intervertebral foramen is
formed by _____ in the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae

A

intervertebral notches

Anaphy (15 decks)

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