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Anaphy > digestive > Flashcards

digestive Flashcards

1
Q

function of digestive system: Consumption of solid or liquid food
usually through the mouth. Mastication is chewing.

A

Ingestion and
Mastication

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2
Q

the movement of food from one end of
the digestive tract to the other.

A

propulsion

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3
Q

the movement of food back and
forth in the digestive tract

A

mixing

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4
Q

the movement of food from one end of
the digestive tract to the other and the movement of food back and
forth in the digestive tract, which incorporates the digestive system’s many
secretions into the food.

A

propulsion and mixing

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5
Q

Digestion is the breakdown of large
organic molecules into smaller
molecules. Secretion is the addition of
liquid, enzymes and mucus to the
ingested food. Digestion occurs through
mechanical and chemical.

A

digestion and secretion

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6
Q

Movement of molecules out of the
digestive tract into the blood or lymphatic
system.

A

absorption

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7
Q

the breakdown of large
organic molecules into smaller
molecules

A

digestion

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8
Q

the addition of
liquid, enzymes and mucus to the
ingested food

A

secretion

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9
Q

Removal of the undigested material
such as fiber from food, and other waste
products from the body as feces

A

elimination

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10
Q

The digestive system consists of the

A

digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract plus associated organs

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11
Q

-Serous membrane that lines the Peritoneal cavity

A

peritoneum

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12
Q

The digestive tract consists of four major tunics, or
layers:

A

(1) the mucosa, (2) the submucosa, (3) the
muscularis, and (4) a serosa or an adventitia

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13
Q

the innermost tunic

A

mucosa

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14
Q

3 layers of mucosa

A

1.Mucous epithelium
2.Lamina propria
3.Muscularis mucosae

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15
Q

3 layers of mucosa: the innermost layer

A

mucous epithelium

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16
Q

3 layers of mucosa: which is loose connective tissue

A

lamina propria

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17
Q

3 layers of mucosa: thin outer layer of smooth muscle.

A

muscularis mucosae

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18
Q

lies just outside the mucosa

A

submucosa

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19
Q

Blood and lymphatic
vessels and plexus

A

submucosa

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20
Q

Circular smooth muscle

A

muscularis (inner)

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21
Q

Longitudinal smooth muscle

A

muscularis (outer layer)

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22
Q

the serosa on each side of the tube fuses
together to form a suspensory structure

A

mesentery

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23
Q

Many of the organs of the abdominal cavity are held in place by
connective tissue sheets called

A

mesenteries

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24
Q

General term referring to serous membranes attached to the
abdominal organs.

A

MESENTERY

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25
Q

Associated with small
intestine

A

Mesentery Proper

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26
Q

connects the lesser
curvature of the stomach to the liver and
diaphragm

A

Lesser Omentum

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27
Q

connects the greater
curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon
and posterior body wall

A

Greater Omentum

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28
Q

The oral cavity, or mouth, is divided into two regions:

A

: (1) space between the lips or cheeks and the teeth (2) oral cavity proper
which lies inside the teeth and houses the tongue

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29
Q

The lips and
cheeks are important in
the process of
mastication. The
tongue is a large
muscular organ that
occupies most of the
oral cavity.

A

Lips, cheeks and
tongue

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30
Q

the teeth of an adult is called Secondary/Permanent (32) and the
childhood teeth is called primary /deciduous (20).

A

Teeth

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31
Q

the teeth of an adult is called

A

Secondary/Permanent (32)

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32
Q

childhood teeth is called

A

primary /deciduous (20)

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33
Q

large
muscular organ that
occupies most of the
oral cavity.

A

tongue

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34
Q

There are ___ teeth in the normal adult mouth

A

32

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35
Q

The third molars are called

A

wisdom tooth

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36
Q

The bulk of the tooth is formed by living cellular calcified tissue called

A

dentin

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37
Q

The dentin is covered by ____ in the crown region.

A

enamel

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38
Q

The ______ contains
pulp which consist of blood vessels

A

pulp cavity

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39
Q

Each teach is held in place within
pockets in the bone called _____

A

alveoli

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40
Q

alveoli are covered by

A

gingiva/gums

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41
Q

protects the tooth against abrasion and acids produced by bacteria

A

enamel

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42
Q

helps anchor the tooth in the jaw

A

cementum

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43
Q

forms the roof of the oral cavity that
separates the oral from nasal cavity

A

palate

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44
Q

palate consist of 2 parts

A

hard and soft palate

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45
Q

anterior part that contains the
bone

A

hard palate

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46
Q

posterior parts and contains
skeletal muscle and connective tissue. Uvula is
the posterior extension of the soft plate.

A

soft palate

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47
Q

the posterior extension of the soft plate.

A

uvula

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48
Q

located in the lateral posterior walls of the
oral cavity, in the nasopharynx, and in the posterior surface of the tongue.

A

tonsil

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49
Q

produce saliva and regulated primarily by Autonomic
nervous system with parasympathetic stimulation

A

Salivary Glands

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50
Q

Salivary glands
produce

A

saliva

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51
Q

is a mixture of serous (watery) and
mucous fluids and has multiple roles

A

saliva

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52
Q

The largest of the salivary glands

A

parotid glands

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53
Q

serous gland
located just anterior to each ear.
Parotid ducts enter the oral cavity
through the 2nd upper molar

A

parotid glands

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54
Q

inflammation of the parotid gland caused by a viral
infection.

A

mumps

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55
Q

located below
the mandible. Produce more serous
than mucous secretions

A

submandibular

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56
Q

smallest gland
and produce mainly mucous
secretions

A

sublingual glands

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57
Q

composed of fluid and proteins and has three main functions

A

saliva

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58
Q

3 main functions of saliva

A

(1) keeps oral cavity moist
(2) protective functions (lysozyme antibacterial enzyme, neutralizes mouth ph
(3)begins the process of digestion – 5 % of total carbohydrates.

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59
Q

The normal daily rate of saliva secretion varies from approximately

A

0.5 – 1.5 L daily

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60
Q

saliva is a mixture of

A

(1)serous (watery)
(2) mucous fluids – contains
mucin that is stimulated
by sympathetic

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61
Q

breaks down starch

A

Salivary amylase

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62
Q

in which food is crushed and mixed with saliva to
form a bolus for swallowing
Increases efficiency of digestion

A

mastication

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63
Q

primarily cut and tear food

A

incisors and canines

64
Q

primarily crush and grind food

A

premolars and molars

65
Q

-connects the mouth to the
esophagus

A

pharynx

66
Q

pharynx consist of three parts

A

(1)nasopharynx (2)oropharynx and
(3)laryngopharynx

67
Q

only
the ____ and ____ carry food to the esophagus.

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

68
Q

-moist stratified squamous epithelium, that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. It is
approx. 25 cm long and lies anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea

A

esophagus

69
Q

esophagus is __ cm long

A

25 cm

70
Q

swallowing is also called

A

deglutition

71
Q

Swallowing, or deglutition (dee-glue-TISH-un), can be divided into three
phases:

A

(1) the voluntary phase, (2) the pharyngeal phase, and (3) the
esophageal phase

72
Q

The stomach is divided into four regions

A

(1) cardiac part, (2) fundus, (3)
body, and (4) pyloric part

73
Q

a muscular hollow organ which temporarily stores ingested food and
continue the process of mechanical digestion. Made up of simple columnar epithelium. It
has a ‘J’ shape, and features a lesser and greater curvature

A

stomach

74
Q

produce a churning action in
the stomach.

A

muscularis layer

75
Q

folds in the
stomach

A

rugae

76
Q

semifluid mixture of food and gastric secretions

A

chyme

77
Q

The muscularis layer of the stomach is different from other regions of
the digestive tract in that it consists of three layers

A

(1) an outer
longitudinal layer, (2) a middle circular layer, and (3) an inner oblique layer

78
Q

Hormones release by the stomach ( Gastrin) and intestine help regulate the ___

A

gastric secretion

79
Q

Stomach secretions (2 L) of the Gastric glands include four substances.

A
  1. Hydrochloric acid
  2. Pepsin
  3. Mucus
  4. Intrinsic factor
80
Q

kills microorganism and activates the enzyme,
pepsin (produced by ____)

A

Hydrochloric acid ; parietal cells

81
Q

______ (inactive form is pepsinogen) breaks covalent bond of proteins
to from smaller peptide chains (produced by _____)

A

pepsin ; chief cells

82
Q

____ lubricates the epithelial cells of the stomach wall ( produced by ______)

A

mucus ; mucous
neck cells & surface mucous cells

83
Q

____ binds with vit b12 and makes its more readily absorbed
in the small intestine (produced by ____)

A

intrinsic factor ; parietal cells

84
Q

Approximately ___ of gastric secretions (gastric juice) are produced each
day.

A

2L

85
Q

regulated by :
1. Nervous (CNS reflex– medulla oblongata and Local reflex – enteric plexus in
the wall of GT)
2. Hormonal mechanism (hormones produced by stomach and small intestine)

A
86
Q

The neural mechanisms involve

A

central nervous system (CNS) reflexes
integrated within the medulla oblongata.

87
Q

Hormonal mechanism

A

hormones produced by stomach and small intestine

88
Q

Regulation of stomach secretions can be divided into three phases:

A

the cephalic phase, (2) the gastric phase, and (3) the intestinal phase.

89
Q

brain phase of the stomach
secretions.

A

cephalic phase

90
Q

can be viewed as the “get started” phase, when the stomach
secretions are increased in anticipation of incoming food.

A

cephalic phase

91
Q

produces the greatest
volume of gastric secretions.
Activated by the presence of
food in the stomach.

A

gastric phase

92
Q

“go for it,
” phase, when most of the stimulation of secretion
occurs.

A

gastric phase

93
Q

the “slow down” phase, during which
stomach secretion decreases.

A

intestinal phase

94
Q

inhibits gastric secretions. of food
in the stomach. It is controlled by
the entrance of acidic chyme into
the duodenum, which initiates
both neural and hormonal
mechanisms

A

Intestinal Phase

95
Q

Two types of stomach movement aid digestion and help move chyme
through the digestive tract

A

(1) mixing waves and (2) peristaltic waves

96
Q

The contractions of the stomach occur about every ___ seconds and proceed
from the body of the stomach toward the pyloric sphincter

A

20

97
Q

weak contractions

A

Mixing waves

98
Q

strong
contractions

A

peristaltic waves

99
Q

major function is absorption of nutrient. It is about 6 m long and consist of three parts.

A

small intestine

100
Q

small intestine is about ____ long

A

6 m

101
Q

small intestine consists of

A

(1) the duodenum, (2) the jejunum, and (3) the ileum

102
Q

smallest section (25 cm long)
- described as a C-shaped located
below the stomach that surrounds
the pancreas

A

duodenum

103
Q

Receives stomach chyme,
pancreatic juice and bile from liver
and gallbladder via duodenal
ligament. (cholecystokinin and
secretin hormone)

A

duodenum

104
Q

-The ____ marks the division
between the duodenum and the
jejunum

A

suspensory muscle of
duodenum

105
Q

-2.5 m long that absorb sugars,
amino acids, and fatty acids.

A

jejunum

106
Q

-longest part (3.5 m long)
It absorbs any final nutrients, with major
absorptive products being vitamin B12 and
bile acids.

A

ileum

107
Q

jejunum is ___ long

A

2.5 m

108
Q

how long is the ileum

A

3.5 m

109
Q

small aggregates
of lymphatic tissue found in the
mucosa of the ileum.

A

Peyer’s patches

110
Q

The small intestine has three
modifications that increase its
surface area about___-fold.

A

600

111
Q

small intestine: The mucosa and submucosa form a
series of ____ that run
perpendicular to the long axis of the
digestive tract.

A

circular folds

112
Q

small intestine: Tiny, fingerlike projections of the
mucosa form numerous ____, which
are 0.5–1.5 mm long

A

villi

113
Q

Each villus is covered by simple
columnar epithelium. numerous
cytoplasmic extensions,
called ___

A

microvilli

114
Q

small intestine, secretions from the mucosa Contains mainly

A

mucus (duodenal glands and goblet cells), ion and water

115
Q

Most of the intestinal secretions entering the small intestine is produced by the
_______ with addition from the secretions of liver and pancreas

A

intestinal mucosa

116
Q

produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food.

A

Absorptive cells.

117
Q

produce protective mucus

A

Goblet cells

118
Q

help protect intestinal epithelium from bacteria

A

granular cells

119
Q

produce regulatory hormones

A

Endocrine cells

120
Q

The epithelial cells in the intestinal walls produce two major enzyme groups

A

(1) peptidases and (2) disaccharidases

121
Q

digest
proteins. They break the peptide bonds in proteins to form amino acids.

A

Peptidases

122
Q

disaccharides to
monosaccharides

A

disaccharides

123
Q

proceed along
the length of the intestine for variable
distances and cause the chyme to move
along the small intestine

A

-Peristaltic contractions

124
Q

are
propagated for only short distances and
mix intestinal contents

A

-Segmental contractions

125
Q

The largest internal organ and weights about ____ kg

A

liver , 1.36 kg

126
Q

takes oxygen rich blood to the liver

A

Hepatic artery

127
Q

carries blood that is oxygen poor but rich in absorbed nutrients
and other substances form digestive tract

A

Hepatic portal vein

128
Q

Blood exit through the hepatic vein

A

Hepatic vein

129
Q

The right and left lobes are separated by a connective
tissue septum, called the

A

falciform (FAL-si-form) ligament

130
Q

processes nutrient and
detoxifies harmful substances form
the blood.

A

liver

131
Q

The liver produce and secretes about
______ L of bile each day.

A

600 -1000 L

132
Q

complex alkaline solutions
that contain bile salts, bile
pigments (BILIRUBIN), cholesterol,
lipids, lipid soluble hormone, and
lecithin( mixture of
phospholipids).

A

bile

133
Q

can remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen

A

liver

134
Q

retroperitoneal and posterior to the stomach

A

pancreas

135
Q

composed of both endocrine and
exocrine tissues

A

pancreas

136
Q

pancreatic
islets, or islets of Langerhans that
produce the hormone insulin and
glucagon.

A

endocrine

137
Q

composed of acinar
glands. Acini cells produce
digestive enzymes that empties
into the pancreatic duct

A

exocrine

138
Q

EXOCRINE - composed of acinar
glands. ____ produce
digestive enzymes that empties
into the pancreatic duct

A

Acini cells

139
Q

function of pancreas

A

neutralize the acidic chyme that enters the
small intestine from the stomach.

140
Q

The major protein digesting enzyme (PROTEOLYTIC)

A

(1)Trypsin
(2)chymotrypsin and (3) carboxypeptidase.

141
Q

continue the polysaccharide digestion that began in the
oral cavity.

A

Pancreatic amylase

142
Q

lipid digesting enzyme

A

lipase

143
Q

degrade DNA and RNA into nucleotides.

A

Nucleases

144
Q

extends from ileocecal junction to the anus. Absorbs water and converted into feces.

A

large intestines

145
Q

process of elimination of feces

A

defecation

146
Q

large intestine, small pouches of the
peritoneum filled with fat

A

omental appendices

147
Q

large intestine, are saccules in the colon
that give it its segmented
appearance.

A

haustra

148
Q

large intestine, small pouches of the peritoneum
filled with fat and situated along the
colon and upper part of the rectum

A

teniae coli

149
Q

large intestine consists of four parts:

A

(1) cecum, (2) colon, (3) rectum, and (4) anal canal.

150
Q

proximal end of the
large intestines where it joins
the small intestine in the
ileocecal junction. Located on
the right lower quadrant of the
abdomen. Attached to the
cecum is the appendix.

A

cecum

151
Q

Attached to the
cecum is the

A

appendix

152
Q

approximately 1.5 –
1.8 m long and can be divided
into four parts: ascending,
transverse, descending and
sigmoid (terminal portion). The
mucosal lining of the colon is
crypts, which contains many
mucous producing goblet cells.

A

colon

153
Q

how long is a colon

A

approximately 1.5 –
1.8 m long

154
Q

colon can be divided
into four parts:

A

ascending,
transverse, descending and
sigmoid (terminal portion).

155
Q

The
mucosal lining of the colon is
___, which contains many
mucous producing ____ cells.

A

crypts, goblet cells

156
Q

straight muscular
tube that begins in the
termination of sigmoid colon
and anal canal. The muscular
tunic is composed od smooth
muscle and is relatively thick
in the rectum compared to the
rest of the digestive tract.

A

rectum

157
Q

the last 2-3
cm of digestive tract. Begins
at the inferior end of rectum
and ends at the anal canal

A

anal canal

Anaphy (15 decks)

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