lesson 1 Flashcards
investigates the structure of the body
anatomy
to dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of the human body for study
anatomy
2 basic approaches to study anatomy
systematic and regional anatomy
the study of of the body by systems such as nervous, skeletal.
systematic anatomy
the study of the organization of the body by areas
regional anatomy
TWO GENERAL WAYS TO EXAMINE THE INTERNAL STRUCTURES
surface and anatomical imaging
the study of external features such as bony projections which serves as landmarks for locating deeper structures
surface anatomy
Involves the use of imaging
modalities such as x-rays,
ultrasound, CT- scan, MRI, etc.
anatomical imaging
deals with the processes or functions of living things.
physiology
the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as plants and animals.
cells
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN
BODY
Chemical level, Cell level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organism
The structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are determined by their chemical make
chemical level
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as
plants and animals. Most cells contain smaller structures inside them, called
organelles (OR-gah-nellz; little organs). Organelles carry out particular
functions, such as digestion and movement, for the cell. For example, the
nucleus contains the cell’s hereditary information, and mitochondria
manufacture adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule cells use for a source
of energy.
cell level
what structural and functional organization of the human body? tissue is a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding
them. The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue.
tissue level
What structural and functional organization of the human body? An organ (OR-gan; a tool) is composed of two or more tissue types that
together perform one or more common functions.
organ level
is composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions.
organ
what structural and functional organization? An organ system is a group of organs that together perform a common
function or set of functions. For example, the urinary system consists of the
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
organ system level
Structure and functional organization level? An organism is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of
one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human. The
human organism is a network of organ systems that are mutually dependent
upon one another.
organism level
refers to the specific interrelationships among the individual
parts of an organism, and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.
Living things are highly organized. All organisms are composed of one or more
cells. In turn, cellular function depends on the precise organization of large
molecules. Disruption of this organized state can result in loss of functions.
organization
the ability to use energy to perform other vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction. Human cells possess specialized proteins that can break down food molecules to use as a
source of energy.
metabolism
an organism’s ability to sense changes in the external or
internal environment and adjust to those changes. include actions
such as moving toward food or water and moving away from danger or poor
environmental conditions such as extreme cold or heat. Organisms can also
make adjustments that maintain their internal environment. For example, if our body temperature rises, sweat glands produce sweat, which can lower body temperature down to the normal range.
responsiveness
refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an
overall enlargement in all or part of an organism, cell size, or the amount of
substance surrounding cells.
growth
includes the changes an organism undergoes through time,
beginning with fertilization and ending at death. Development usually involves
growth, but it also involves differentiation. Differentiation involves changes in
a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature,
specialized state.
development
involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state
differentiation
the formation of new cells or new organisms. _______ of cells allows for growth and development. Formation of new organisms prevents extinction of species.
reproduction
• It is the existence and maintenance of a relative constant environment within
the body despite fluctuations in either of the external and internal environment.
• Normal cell functions depend on the maintenance of cell’s fluid environment
within a narrow range of conditions or variables
homeostasis
refers to the specific interrelationships among the individual
parts of an organism, and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.
Living things are highly organized. All organisms are composed of one or more
cells. In turn, cellular function depends on the precise organization of large
molecules. Disruption of this organized state can result in loss of functions
organization
ability to use energy to perform other
vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction. Human cells
possess specialized proteins that can break down food molecules to use as a
source of energy.
metabolism
an organism’s ability to sense changes in the external or
internal environment and adjust to those changes. Responses include actions
such as moving toward food or water and moving away from danger or poor
environmental conditions such as extreme cold or heat. Organisms can also
make adjustments that maintain their internal environment
responsiveness
refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement in all or part of an organism, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells
growth
includes the changes an organism undergoes through time,
beginning with fertilization and ending at death. Development usually involves
growth, but it also involves differentiation. Differentiation involves changes in
a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature,
specialized state.
development
the formation of new cells or new organisms. Reproduction of cells allows for growth and development. Formation of new organisms prevents
extinction of species.
reproduction
most are governed by Nervous and Endocrine system.
homeostatic mechanisms
A change variable is a ________ because it initiates homeostatic mechanisms
stimulus
• If the activation of one
component results in
the inactivation of
another
• Reverses the change
and bring things back
to normal
negative feedback
• When the activation of
one component leads
to the activation of
another, the
interaction between
the components is
said to be _________.
• Increases the change
positive feedback
