lesson 1 Flashcards
investigates the structure of the body
anatomy
to dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of the human body for study
anatomy
2 basic approaches to study anatomy
systematic and regional anatomy
the study of of the body by systems such as nervous, skeletal.
systematic anatomy
the study of the organization of the body by areas
regional anatomy
TWO GENERAL WAYS TO EXAMINE THE INTERNAL STRUCTURES
surface and anatomical imaging
the study of external features such as bony projections which serves as landmarks for locating deeper structures
surface anatomy
Involves the use of imaging
modalities such as x-rays,
ultrasound, CT- scan, MRI, etc.
anatomical imaging
deals with the processes or functions of living things.
physiology
the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as plants and animals.
cells
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN
BODY
Chemical level, Cell level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organism
The structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are determined by their chemical make
chemical level
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as
plants and animals. Most cells contain smaller structures inside them, called
organelles (OR-gah-nellz; little organs). Organelles carry out particular
functions, such as digestion and movement, for the cell. For example, the
nucleus contains the cell’s hereditary information, and mitochondria
manufacture adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule cells use for a source
of energy.
cell level
what structural and functional organization of the human body? tissue is a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding
them. The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue.
tissue level
What structural and functional organization of the human body? An organ (OR-gan; a tool) is composed of two or more tissue types that
together perform one or more common functions.
organ level
is composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions.
organ
what structural and functional organization? An organ system is a group of organs that together perform a common
function or set of functions. For example, the urinary system consists of the
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
organ system level
Structure and functional organization level? An organism is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of
one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human. The
human organism is a network of organ systems that are mutually dependent
upon one another.
organism level
refers to the specific interrelationships among the individual
parts of an organism, and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.
Living things are highly organized. All organisms are composed of one or more
cells. In turn, cellular function depends on the precise organization of large
molecules. Disruption of this organized state can result in loss of functions.
organization
the ability to use energy to perform other vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction. Human cells possess specialized proteins that can break down food molecules to use as a
source of energy.
metabolism
an organism’s ability to sense changes in the external or
internal environment and adjust to those changes. include actions
such as moving toward food or water and moving away from danger or poor
environmental conditions such as extreme cold or heat. Organisms can also
make adjustments that maintain their internal environment. For example, if our body temperature rises, sweat glands produce sweat, which can lower body temperature down to the normal range.
responsiveness
refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an
overall enlargement in all or part of an organism, cell size, or the amount of
substance surrounding cells.
growth
includes the changes an organism undergoes through time,
beginning with fertilization and ending at death. Development usually involves
growth, but it also involves differentiation. Differentiation involves changes in
a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature,
specialized state.
development
involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state
differentiation
the formation of new cells or new organisms. _______ of cells allows for growth and development. Formation of new organisms prevents extinction of species.
reproduction
• It is the existence and maintenance of a relative constant environment within
the body despite fluctuations in either of the external and internal environment.
• Normal cell functions depend on the maintenance of cell’s fluid environment
within a narrow range of conditions or variables
homeostasis
refers to the specific interrelationships among the individual
parts of an organism, and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.
Living things are highly organized. All organisms are composed of one or more
cells. In turn, cellular function depends on the precise organization of large
molecules. Disruption of this organized state can result in loss of functions
organization
ability to use energy to perform other
vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction. Human cells
possess specialized proteins that can break down food molecules to use as a
source of energy.
metabolism
an organism’s ability to sense changes in the external or
internal environment and adjust to those changes. Responses include actions
such as moving toward food or water and moving away from danger or poor
environmental conditions such as extreme cold or heat. Organisms can also
make adjustments that maintain their internal environment
responsiveness
refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement in all or part of an organism, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells
growth
includes the changes an organism undergoes through time,
beginning with fertilization and ending at death. Development usually involves
growth, but it also involves differentiation. Differentiation involves changes in
a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature,
specialized state.
development
the formation of new cells or new organisms. Reproduction of cells allows for growth and development. Formation of new organisms prevents
extinction of species.
reproduction
most are governed by Nervous and Endocrine system.
homeostatic mechanisms
A change variable is a ________ because it initiates homeostatic mechanisms
stimulus
• If the activation of one
component results in
the inactivation of
another
• Reverses the change
and bring things back
to normal
negative feedback
• When the activation of
one component leads
to the activation of
another, the
interaction between
the components is
said to be _________.
• Increases the change
positive feedback
Most systems of the body are regulated by
negative-feedback
mechanisms
when any deviation from the set
point is made smaller or is resisted.
negative feedback
- Occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the
response.
▪ The deviation from the set point becomes even
greater.
positive feedback
which monitors the value of a variable, such as body temperature, by detecting stimul
receptor
such as part of the brain, which determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable
control center
can adjust the value of the variable when directed by the
control center, usually back toward the set point.
effector
A reference position
that gives meaning to
the directional terms
used to describe the
body parts and region
anatomical position
lying face upward
supine
when lying face downward
prone
means above
superior
means
below
inferior
used for “in front of”
anterior
is used for
“behind.
”
posterior
two terms can be used interchangeably to refer to the
front of the body
anterior and ventral (belly)
two terms can be used interchangeably to refer to the back of the body
posterior and dorsal (back)
means “close to,
”
proximal
means “far from.
”
distal
means “toward the midline,
”
medial
means “away from the
midline.
”
lateral
refers to a structure close to the
surface of the body
superficial
toward the interior of the body
deep
separates the body or a structure into right and left
halves.
sagittal plane
means “the flight of an arrow”
sagittal
a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body,
dividing it into equal right and left halves
median plane
runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
transverse (horizontal) plane
divides the body into front
(anterior) and back (posterior) halves.
frontal (coronal) plane
a cut along the length of the organ
longitudinal section
or cross section, cuts
completely through an organ
transverse section
cut is made diagonally across the long axis, it is called
oblique section
cut is made diagonally across the long axis, it is called
oblique section
The body contains two types of internal cavities
dorsal and ventral body cavity
sagittal planes that are uneven
parasagittal planes
encloses the organs of the nervous system the brain and
spinal cord
dorsal body cavity
houses the brain
cranial cavity
houses the
spinal cord
vertebral canal
The two subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity
cranial cavity and vertebral canal
Both the brain and spinal cord are covered by membranes
meninges
houses the vast majority of our internal organs, collectively referred to as the viscera
the ventral body cavity
The ventral body cavity also has two major subdivisions
(1) the thoracic cavity and (2) the abdominopelvic cavity.
more superior to the abdominopelvic cavity and
houses primarily the heart and lungs, among other organs
thoracic cavity
encloses a lung, and are surrounded by the ribs,
pleural cavities
houses the heart and its major blood vessels, in addition to the thymus, the trachea, and
the esophagus
pleural cavities
houses the heart and its major blood vessels, in addition to the thymus, the trachea, and
the esophagus
medial mediastinum
enclosed by abdominal muscles and consists
of (1) the more superior abdominal cavity and (2) the more inferior pelvic
cavity.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
The organs of the abdominopelvic cavity are housed within the
peritoneal cavity
continues
below the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, urethra, rectum of the large
intestine, and reproductive organs.
pelvic cavity
houses many
internal organs such as the liver, the digestive organs and the
reproductive organs
peritoneal cavity
houses the kidneys, ureters adrenal
glands, large portion of
pancreas, parts of the large
intestine and urinary bladder
retroperitoneal cavity
The walls of the body cavities and the surface of internal organs are in contact
with membranes called
serous membrane
is a thin double layered membrane that covers the
walls and organs of the ventral cavity.
serous membrane (serosa)
The layer that lines the walls of the cavities is called the
parietal serous membrane
The layer covering the
internal organs is the
visceral serous membrane
serous membranes, are filled with
a watery substance
serous fluid
contains the heart
pericardial cavity
houses the lungs
pleural cavity
a double-folded
sheet of visceral peritoneum attaches the digestive organs at certain points to the
posterior abdominopelvic cavity wall. These regions of double-folded visceral
peritoneum are called
mesenteries
