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Anaphy > bones > Flashcards

bones Flashcards

1
Q

functions of skeletal system

A

Body support, Organ protection, Body movement, . Mineral storage, Blood cell production.

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2
Q

The principal
minerals stored in bones which are two minerals essential for many
physiological processes.

A

calcium and phosphorous

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3
Q

stored within bone cavities. If needed,
the lipids are released into the blood and used by other tissues as a source of energy.

A

adipose tissue

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4
Q

mature bone matrix is normally about ___ organic and ___inorganic
material.

A

35 ; 65

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5
Q

The organic material consists primarily of

A

collagen and proteoglycans

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6
Q

The
inorganic material consists primarily of a calcium phosphate crystal called

A

hydroxyapatite

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7
Q

Brittle bone disease also known as

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

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8
Q

which means imperfect bone
formation, is a rare disorder caused by any one of a number of faulty genes that
results in either too little collagen formation, or poor quality collagen. As a result,
the bone matrix has decreased flexibility and is more easily broken than normal
bone.

A

brittle bone disease

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9
Q

bone-building cells. These cells have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum and numerous ribosomes

A

osteoblasts

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10
Q

Osteoblasts produce

A

collagen and proteoglycans

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11
Q

high concentrations of Ca2+ and
phosphate ions, forming crystals called

A

hydroxyapatite

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12
Q

The formation of new bone by osteoblasts is called

A

ossification or osteogenesis

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13
Q

This type of growth adds new layers to the outer surface of the existing material

A

appositional growth

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14
Q

Osteoblasts become

A

osteocytes

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15
Q

Osteocytes account for ___ of bone
cells and are very long-lived, with a life span of up to ____years.

A

90-95% ; 25 years

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16
Q

Osteocyte cell bodies are housed within the bone matrix in spaces called

A

lacunae

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17
Q

Osteocyte cell extensions are housed in narrow, long spaces called

A

canaliculi

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18
Q

are bone-destroying cells

A

osteoclast

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19
Q

Breakdown of bone is called

A

bone reabsportion

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20
Q

massive, multinucleated cells and develop from the red bone
marrow cells that also differentiate into specialized white blood cells.

A

osteoclasts

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21
Q

specialized reabsorption-specific area of the membrane.

A

ruffled border

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22
Q

Mature bone is called

A

lamellar bone

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23
Q

It is organized into thin, concentric sheets or layers, called

A

lamellae

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24
Q

These are mature bone cells located in small spaces called lacunae

A

osteocytes

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25
Q

Osteocytes are connected to each other through tiny channels that allows them to share nutrients and signals is called

A

canaliculi

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26
Q

looks porous and has a less dense structure than compact bone

A

spongy bone

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27
Q

spongy bone contains interconnecting rods or plates of bone known as

A

trabeculae

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28
Q

The spaces between trabeculae are filled with

A

bone marrow and blood vessels

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29
Q

forms the solid outer layer of bones and is denser with less space than spongy bone.

A

compact bone

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30
Q

Blood vessels penetrate this dense bone, running through the central canals.

A

compact bone

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31
Q

Compact bone also known as

A

cortical bone

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32
Q

The functional unit of
compact bone is an

A

osteon or haversian system

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33
Q

composed of concentric rings of matrix, which surround a central tunnel
and contain osteocytes.

A

osteon

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34
Q

an osteon resembles a circular target; the
bull’s-eye of the target is the

A

central canal

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35
Q

are lined with endosteum and contain blood vessels,
nerves, and loose connective tissue

A

central canals

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36
Q

Nutrients in the blood vessels are delivered to the

A

osteocytes

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37
Q

the center portion of the bone

A

diaphysis

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38
Q

It is composed primarily
of compact bone tissue, surrounding a hollow center called the

A

medullary cavity

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39
Q

The ends of a
long bone are called

A

epiphyses

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40
Q

are mostly
spongy bone, with an outer layer of compact bone.

A

epiphyses

41
Q

Within joints, the end of a long
bone is covered with hyaline cartilage called

A

articular cartilage

42
Q

located between the
epiphysis and the diaphysis

A

epiphyseal or growth plate

43
Q

Growth in bone length occurs at the

A

epiphyseal plate

44
Q

When bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified
and is called the

A

epiphyseal line

45
Q

The cavities of spongy bone and the medullary cavity are filled with

A

marrow

46
Q

the site of blood cell formation

A

red marrow

47
Q

mostly adipose
tissue.

A

yellow marrow

48
Q

In the fetus, the spaces within bones are filled with

A

red marrow

49
Q

connective tissue membrane covering
the outer surface of a bone

A

periosteum

50
Q

single cell layer of connective tissue that
lines the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones, such as the medullary cavity
of the diaphysis and the smaller cavities in spongy and compact bone

A

endosteum

51
Q

Intramembranous ossification of this membrane begins at approximately the eighth
week of embryonic development and is completed by approximately 2 years of age.

A
52
Q

The locations in the membrane where intramembranous ossification begins are
called

A

centers of ossification

53
Q

expand to form a bone
by gradually ossifying the membrane.

A

centers of ossification

54
Q

have the oldest bone, and
the expanding edges the youngest bone

A

centers

55
Q

soft spots, are the larger,
membrane-covered spaces between the developing skull bones that have not yet
been ossified

A

fontanels

56
Q

The bones eventually grow together, and
all the fontanels have usually closed by ____ years of age.

A

2

57
Q

The formation of cartilage begins at approximately the end of the _____ of theembryonic development

A

fourth week

58
Q

Endochondral ossification of some of this cartilage starts at
approximately the

A

eighth week

59
Q

produced by cells
called chondrocytes (KON-droh-sites), and has the approximate shape of the
future bone. The cartilage model is surrounded by perichondrium.

A

hyaline cartilage model

60
Q

A hyaline cartilage model is produced by cells
called

A

chondrocytes

61
Q

Once osteoblasts begin to produce bone, the
perichondrium becomes the

A

periosteum

62
Q

The osteoblasts produce compact bone
on the surface of the cartilage model, forming a

A

bone collar

63
Q

occurs as a result of continuous cell division of the
chondrocytes within the cartilage model.

A

Interstitial growth

64
Q

occurs as a result
of cell division at the surface of the cartilage model, and under the
perichondrium.

A

appositional growth

65
Q

hypertrophy or

A

enlarge

66
Q

the chondrocytes in the center of the cartilage model
absorb some of the cartilage matrix resulting in

A

hypertrophy or enlargement

67
Q

also initiate the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals
in the cartilage matrix

A

chrondrocytes

68
Q

enlarged lacunae
with thin walls of calcified matrix is. result of

A

death of chrondrocytes

69
Q

forms as osteoblasts produce bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage. The
osteoblasts transform the calcified cartilage of the diaphysis into spongy bone.

A

primary ossification center

70
Q

Osteoclasts remove bone from the center of the diaphysis to
form the

A

medullary cavity and cells to form red bone marrow

71
Q

created in the epiphyses by osteoblasts that migrate into the epiphysis. the spaces in the epiphyses do not
enlarge to form a medullary cavity as in the diaphysis.

A

Secondary ossification center

72
Q

After a person’s bones have stopped growing, the epiphyseal plate regresses into
a “scar,
” called the

A

epiphyseal line

73
Q

occurs between approximately 12 and 25 years of age,
depending on the bone and the individual.

A

closure of the epiphyseal plate,

74
Q

bone that
becomes old is replaced with new bone in a process called

A

bone remodeling

75
Q

localized mass of
blood released from blood vessels but confined within an organ or a space.

A

hematoma

76
Q

mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site. Several days after the fracture, blood vessels grow into the clot

A

callus

77
Q

produce collagen and other
extracellular materials to form granulation tissue, the precursor to healed tissue

A

fibroblast

78
Q

a connective tissue that contains
collagen, ground substance, and other organic
molecules, as well as water and minerals.

A

bone

79
Q

cartilage

A

covering

80
Q

(reduces wear
and tear on the
joint surfaces)

A

cartilage

81
Q

muscle to bone attachment

A

tendon

82
Q

bone to bone

A

ligament

83
Q

minimal movement (stabilizer)

A

ligament

84
Q

Longer than
they are wide

A

long bones

85
Q

Has a central
shaft

A

long bones

86
Q

Mostly
located on the
upper and
lower limbs

A

long bones

87
Q

This shape
enhances their
functional
movement of
the limbs.

A

long bones

88
Q

Long as they
are wide.

A

short bones

89
Q

Allows
stability and
facilitates
some
movement

A

short bones

90
Q

Relatively
thin, flattened
shape.

A

flat bones

91
Q

They are well
suited to
provide strong
barrier around
soft organs.

A

flat bones

92
Q

Have shapes
that do not fit
readily into
the other
three
categories

A

irregular bones

93
Q

Occurs when osteoblasts begin to
produce bone in connective tissue
membranes.
Primarily happens in skull and
clavicle.

A

intramembranous

94
Q

Occurs when osteoblasts begin to
produce bone in the hyaline cartilage.
Primarily happens in bones except
skull and clavicle.

A

endochonral

95
Q

Formation of bone by osteoblasts

A

bone ossification

96
Q

Involves the synthesis of an organic
matrix containing collagen and
proteoglycans and the addition of
hydroxyapatite crystals to the matrix.

A

bone ossification

97
Q

Can be either INTRAMEMBRANOUS or
ENDOCHONDRAL

A

bone ossification

98
Q

Involves the removal of existing bone
by osteoclasts and the deposition of
new bone by osteoblasts

A

bone remodeling

99
Q

Responsible for changes in bone
shape, bone repair, adjustment of
bone to stress, and calcium ion
regulation

A

bone remodeling

Anaphy (15 decks)

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