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endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system derived from the Greek words “____” meaning
within and “___” meaning to secrete.

A

endo, krino

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2
Q

endo means

A

within

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3
Q

krino means

A

secrete

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4
Q

Endocrine system is composed of _______ and _______ located throughout the body

A

endocrine glands, specialized endocrine cells

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5
Q

Endocrine glands secrete chemical messengers
called ___ into the bloodstream in order to
produce a specific response to _____ or ______

A

hormones, target tissues, effectors

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6
Q

The main regulatory functions of the endocrine system are the

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Control of food intake and digestion
  3. Tissue Development
  4. Ion Regulation
  5. Water Balance
  6. Heart rate and blood pressure regulation
  7. Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
  8. Control of reproductive functions
  9. Uterine contractions and milk release
  10. Immune system regulation
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7
Q

Derived from the Greek word “hormon ” which
means to set in motion.

A

hormone

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8
Q

hormones are derived from the Greek word “____” which
means to set in motion.

A

hormon

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9
Q

Hormones: Chemical Nature

Has two chemical categories

A
  1. Lipid- soluble
  2. Water-soluble
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10
Q

Endocrine glands and
cells secrete very small amounts of chemical messengers called

A

hormones

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11
Q

nonpolar, and include steroid hormones, thyroid
hormones, and fatty acid derivative hormones, such as certain eicosanoids.

A

Lipid-soluble hormones

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12
Q

Small size and low solubility
in aqueous fluids.

A

Lipid-soluble hormones

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13
Q

Needs a binding protein for
transport

A

Lipid-soluble hormones

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14
Q

Diffuses across the cell
membrane

A

Lipid-soluble hormones

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15
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones, Receptor Location:

A

Nucleus
or cytoplasm

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16
Q

Ex: Steroid and thyroid
hormones

A

Lipid-soluble hormones

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17
Q

are polar molecules; they include protein hormones,
peptide hormones, and most amino acid derivative hormones

A

Water-Soluble Hormones

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18
Q

Vary from small to large and soluble in blood

A

Water-soluble hormones

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19
Q

• Large hormones dissolve directly into the blood and are delivered
to the target tissue without attaching to binding protein

A

Water-soluble hormones

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20
Q

Small hormones however need
attachment to larger protein to avoid being filtered out of the blood

A

Water-soluble hormones

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21
Q

Cannot diffuse through cell membrane

A

Water-soluble hormones

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22
Q

Receptor Location of water soluble hormones

A

plasma membrane’s outer surface

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23
Q

There are three types of stimuli which regulate
hormone release

A
  1. Humoral
  2. Neural
  3. Hormonal
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24
Q

Blood-borne chemicals which stimulate release of
some hormones are called

A

humoral stimuli.

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25
Q

Control of Hormone Section: When blood levels of certain substances changes,
glands release hormones to maintain normal
concentration of substances

A

Humoral Stimuli

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26
Q

Inhibition of Hormone Release
• A companion hormone exists to oppose those of the
secreted hormone and its actions.

A

humoral stimuli

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27
Q

Control of Hormone Section:
• Following an action potential, neurons release a
neurotransmitter into the synapse.
• Neurotransmitters will allow stimulation of the gland
to release hormone where it will travel to its target

A

neural stimuli

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28
Q

Neural stimuli
Control of Hormone Section:
• Following an action potential, neurons release a
______ into the _____
• Neurotransmitters will allow stimulation of the gland
to release hormone where it will travel to its target.

A

neurotransmitter, synapse

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29
Q

In neural stimuli, this allow stimulation of the gland
to release hormone where it will travel to its target

A

neurotransmitters

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30
Q

Neural stimuli
Inhibition of Hormone Release
• ____ inhibit targets just as often as they stimulate
targets.
• If the _____ is inhibitory, the target
endocrine gland does not secrete its hormone.

A

Neurons, neurotransmitter

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31
Q

It occurs when a secreted hormone stimulates the
secretion of other hormones. These hormones are
called tropic hormones.

A

hormonal stimuli

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32
Q

occurs when a secreted hormone stimulates the
secretion of other hormones. what do you call these hormones

A

tropic hormones

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33
Q

term usually reserved for
hormones from the hypothalamus.

A

releasing hormones

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34
Q

The hypothalamus secretes _____.
These releasing hormones stimulate the release of
hormone (tropic hormone) from the anterior
pituitary. The tropic hormone travels to the target
endocrine cell and stimulates the release of another
hormone

A

releasing hormones.

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35
Q

releasing hormones from the hypothalamus stimulate the release of ____ from anterior pituitary

A

tropic hormone

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36
Q

The _____ travels to the target
endocrine cell and stimulates the release of another
hormone.

A

tropic hormone

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37
Q

Hormonal stimuli, There are hormones that prevents the secretion of
other hormones. These hormones are called

A

“inhibiting hormones.”

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38
Q

hormone release caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients

A

humoral stimulus

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39
Q

hormone release caused by neural input

A

neural stimulus

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40
Q

hormone release caused by another hormone

A

hormonal stimulus

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41
Q

consists of ductless glands.

A

endocrine system

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42
Q

Some of the glands of the endocrine system are not limited to perform function to hormone secretion

A
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43
Q

The following are the endocrine glands and organs:

A
  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Thyroid gland
  3. Parathyroid gland
  4. Adrenal glands
  5. Pancreas
  6. Testes and Ovaries
  7. Thymus
  8. Pineal Gland
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44
Q

The pituitary gland is also called the

A

hypophysis

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45
Q

a small gland about the size of a pea

A

pituitary gland

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46
Q

It rest in a depression of the sphenoid bone inferior to
the hypothalamus of the brain.

A

pituitary gland

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47
Q

Two parts of pituitary gland

A

• Anterior pituitary
• Posterior pituitary

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48
Q

_____ is
made up of two lobes
connected by a narrow
band called ____

A

The thyroid gland, isthmus

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49
Q

One of the largest
endocrine glands.

A

thyroid gland

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50
Q

Appears more red than
surrounding tissues.

A

thyroid gland

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51
Q

Main function:

A

Secretion of thyroid
hormones

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52
Q

are synthesized and stored
within the thyroid follicles. These follicles
contain protein called “thyroglobulin” in
which hormones are attached

A

Thyroid hormones

53
Q

Thyroid hormones are synthesized and stored
within the thyroid follicles. These follicles
contain protein called “____” in
which hormones are attached.

A

thyroglobulin

54
Q

The synthesized hormones in thyroid follicles are

A

thyroxine/tetraiodothyronine(T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3)

55
Q

The negative-feedback effect of thyroid hormones on the hypothalamus and
pituitary results in

A

increasing levels of thyroid hormones inhibiting the secretion of TSH-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and inhibiting TSH secretion
from the anterior pituitary gland

56
Q

Loss of negative feedback effect on hypothalamus and pituitary gland will result in

A

excess
TSH

57
Q

causes enlargement of the thyroid. This
condition is called “goiter.

A

excess
TSH

58
Q

enlargement of the thyroid. This
condition is called

A

goiter

59
Q

When the normal rate of thyroid hormone
secretion is disrupted, growth and
development cannot proceed normally.

A
60
Q

lack of thyroid hormones

A

Hypothyroidism

61
Q

In infants, hypothyroidism can result in

A

cretinism

62
Q

characterized by developmental delay, short stature,
and abnormally formed skeletal structures

A

Cretinism

63
Q

In adults, it can result to decreased metabolic rate,
sluggishness, reduced ability to perform routine tasks and myxedema.

A
64
Q

elevated rate of thyroid
hormones

A

Hyperthyroidism

65
Q

type of of hyperthyroidism that
results when the immune system produces abnormal
proteins that are similar in structure and function to
TSH.

A

grave’s disease

66
Q

an autoimmune disease that
causes hyperthyroidism. This disease occurs when the immune system produces
abnormal proteins that are similar in structure and function to TSH, which
overstimulates the thyroid gland.

A

graves disease

67
Q

accompanied by bulging
of the eyes

A

Graves disease

68
Q

Four glands embedded in the posterior wall of the
thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid Gland

69
Q

These glands secrete the parathyroid hormone
(PTH) which is essential in regulation of calcium
level.

A

Parathyroid Gland

70
Q

elevated rate of PTH

A

Hyperparathyroidism

71
Q

Causes softening, deformity and/or fracture of the
bone.

A

Hyperparathyroidism

72
Q

low rate of PTH

A

Hypoparathyroidism

73
Q

Results from injury to or the surgical removal of
thyroid and parathyroid glands.

A

Hypoparathyroidism

74
Q

Two small glands
located superior to
each kidney

A

adrenal glands

75
Q

Each adrenal gland
has an inner part
called the _____ and the
outer part called
the ______

A

adrenal
medulla, adrenal cortex

76
Q

The principal hormone released by the adrenal
medulla is _____. Small amounts of
______ are also released

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

77
Q

Related to fight or flight reaction, stress and low
blood sugar.

A

Adrenal Medulla

78
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are called the

A

fight-or-flight hormones

79
Q

secretes three classes of
steroid hormones: 1)mineralocorticoids
2)glucocorticoids 3)androgens

A

Adrenal Cortex

80
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes three classes of
steroid hormones:

A

1)mineralocorticoids
2)glucocorticoids 3)androgens

81
Q

the hormones and the receptors of each class have
unique structural and functional characteristics

A

Adrenal Cortex

82
Q

regulates blood volume
and levels of potassium and sodium ions.

A

Mineralocorticoids

83
Q

Major hormone of Mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone

84
Q

Binds to receptor molecules in the kidney, but it also
affects the intestine, sweat glands and salivary
glands

A

Aldosterone

85
Q

causes sodium ions and water to be
retained in the body

A

Aldosterone

86
Q

regulates blood nutrient
levels

A

Glucocorticoids

87
Q

help to provide energy for cells by stimulating the increased use
of lipids and proteins

A

Glucocorticoids

88
Q

Major hormone of glucocorticoids

A

cortisol

89
Q

• Responds in stressful situations
• Increases the breakdown of proteins and lipids. It
also increases their conversion to forms of energy
the body can use.
• Reduces inflammatory and immune responses.
(Cortisone)

A

cortisol

90
Q

third class of hormones, secreted by the inner layer of the adrenal cortex, is
composed of the

A

adrenal androgens

91
Q

Gonadocorticoids -

A

Androgens

92
Q

Stimulate the development of male sexual
characteristics

A

androgen

93
Q

both male and female possess these
hormones.

A

androgen

94
Q

In adult males, most androgens are
secreted by the

A

testes

95
Q

In adult females, the adrenal androgens influence the
female

A

sex drive

96
Q

Abnormally high level of ___ hormone
can exaggerate male characteristics in both
male and female

A

androgen

97
Q

Consists of the pancreatic islets (Islets of
Langerhans)

A

pancreas

98
Q

pancreatic islets (Islets of
Langerhans) secrete three hormones:

A

1)insulin
2)glucagon and 3)somatostatin

99
Q

pancreas: These hormones (3) help regulate levels of
nutrients especially glucose.

A

1)insulin
2)glucagon and 3)somatostatin

100
Q

pancreas:

_____has an essential role in
maintaining homeostasis

A

Blood glucose

101
Q

Pancreas:
A decreased blood glucose will cause tissues to

A

break down lipids and proteins to provide an
alternative source of energy.

102
Q

Decreased blood glucose -> breaking down of lipids and proteins-> alternative source of energy ->

As lipids break down, the liver converts fatty acids
to ____. As a result, ____ can occur.

A

ketones, acidosis

103
Q

When blood glucose levels are very low, the breakdown of
lipids can cause the release of enough fatty acids and ketones to reduce the pH of
the body fluids below normal, a condition called

A

acidosis

104
Q

Elevated blood glucose levels stimulate beta cells to secrete

A

insulin

105
Q

The kidneys produce large volume of urine
containing substantial amount of glucose. However,
dehydration can result because of rapid loss of
water in the form of urine

A

Increased blood glucose level

106
Q

Released from the beta cells

A

insulin

107
Q

The major target tissues for insulin are the

A

liver, adipose tissue,
muscle and satiety area of hypothalamus.

108
Q

Increases when there is elevated blood glucose level

A

insulin

109
Q

Increases in response to parasymphatetic
stimulation associated with digestion

A

insulin

110
Q

Increases when there is an increased blood levels of
certain amino acids

A

insulin

111
Q

the body
’s inability to regulate blood glucose levels within the
normal range

A

Diabetes mellitus

112
Q

There are two types of diabetes mellitus

A

type 1 and 2

113
Q

Occurs when too little insulin is secreted from
the pancreas.

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

114
Q

Occurs when lack of number of insulin
receptors on target cells or defective target cells
do not respond normally to insulin.

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

115
Q

released from the alpha cells when blood glucose
levels are low

A

glucagon

116
Q

binds to membrane-bound receptors primarily in the liver, causing the glycogen stored in the liver to be converted to glucose.

A

glucagon

117
Q

____ is then released into the blood to increase blood glucose levels.

A

glucose

118
Q

normal blood glucose level

A

90 mg / 100 ml

119
Q

released by the delta cells in
response to food intake. inhibits the secretion of insulin and
glucagon and inhibits gastric tract activity.

A

Somatostatin

120
Q

The testes (male) and
ovaries (female)are
structures of the
reproductive tract which
has an essential role in

A

reproduction

121
Q

The male sex hormone is ____ which is
secreted by the testes

A

testosterone

122
Q

is responsible for the
growth and development of the male
reproductive structures and as well as sexual
characteristics.

A

testosterone

123
Q

The female sex hormones are

A

estrogen and progesterone

124
Q

hormones that work together
on the growth and development of the female
reproductive structures, breasts, hips, thighs
and as well as sexual characteristics.

A

estrogen and
progesterone

125
Q

lies in the upper part of the
thoracic cavity which functions in immunity

A

thymus

126
Q

thymus secretes the hormone “_____” which aids
in the development of the T-cells.

A

thymosin

127
Q

a small, pinecone-shaped
structure located superior and posterior to the
thalamus of the brain.

A

pineal gland

128
Q

pineal gland produces a hormone called___

A

melatonin

129
Q

This produces the hormone “melatonin” which
decreases secretion of LH and FSH

A

pineal gland

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