joints Flashcards
Articulations commonly named according to the bones or portions of bones that join together.
joints
The Greek or Latin equivalent term for the elbow joint.
cubital
Structural Classification of Joints
Joints are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial based on the major connective tissue type that binds the bones
Functional Categories of Joints
Synarthroses (nonmovable), Amphiarthroses (slightly movable), Diarthroses (freely movable).
Joints united by fibrous connective tissue, exhibiting little or no movement.
fibrous joints
Fibrous joints between the bones of the skull.
Sutures
Wide sutures in newborns that allow flexibility during birth and head growth.
Fontanels
Fibrous joints where bones are separated by some distance and held together by ligaments
Syndesmoses
Joints consisting of pegs fitted into sockets and held in place by ligaments, such as the joint between a tooth and its socket.
Gomphoses
Joints that hold two bones together by a pad of cartilage and exhibit little or no movement.
Cartilaginous Joints
Cartilaginous joints containing hyaline cartilage.
Synchondroses
Cartilaginous joints containing fibrocartilage.
Symphyses
Joints that contain synovial fluid and allow considerable movement between articulating bones.
Synovial Joints
A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the articular surfaces of bones within synovial joints
Articular Cartilage
A crescent-shaped fibrocartilage pad in some synovial joints, which helps improve stability.
Meniscus
The space around the articular surfaces of the bones in a synovial joint, filled with synovial fluid.
Joint Cavity
The structure that surrounds a synovial joint, consisting of an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane.
Joint Capsule
The outer layer of the joint capsule made of dense irregular connective tissue.
Fibrous Capsule
The inner layer of the joint capsule that lines the joint cavity and produces synovial fluid.
Synovial Membrane
A viscous lubricating fluid that covers joint surfaces, composed of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and cells.
Synovial Fluid
A pocket or sac containing synovial fluid that provides cushioning between structures in a joint.
bursa
Inflammation of a bursa, which may cause pain around the joint and restrict movement.
Bursitis
Articular cartilage receives nutrients through
diffusion from blood vessels at the peripheral margin, as it lacks blood vessels.
Provides a smooth surface for joint movement and absorbs shock during activity.
Articular Cartilage
Consists of an outer fibrous layer (fibrous capsule) and an inner synovial membrane, enclosing the joint.
Joint Capsule
Provides strength and stability to the joint; thickened portions form ligaments.
fibrous capsule
Lubricates the joint surfaces, nourishes the articular cartilage, and reduces friction during movement.
synovial fluid
Lines the joint cavity, secretes synovial fluid, and helps maintain joint health.
Synovial Membrane Functions
Classified according to the shape of the adjoining articular surfaces. Six types: plane, saddle, hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, and ellipsoid.
Synovial Joints
Described as uniaxial (movement around one axis), biaxial (two axes at right angles), or multiaxial (several axes).
Movements at Synovial Joints
Plane Joint also known as
gliding joint
Consists of two flat bone surfaces of about equal size allowing slight gliding motion. Considered uniaxial, as some rotation is possible but limited by ligaments and adjacent bone.
Plane Joint (Gliding Joint)
Contains two saddle-shaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles, allowing complementary surfaces to articulate. Biaxial joint.
saddle joint
A uniaxial joint where a convex cylinder in one bone fits into a corresponding concavity in another bone, allowing movement in one plane.
Hinge Joint
A uniaxial joint that restricts movement to rotation around a single axis. Composed of a cylindrical bony process rotating within a ring of bone and ligament.
Pivot Joint
Consists of a ball (head) at the end of one bone that fits into a socket in an adjacent bone. Multiaxial joint, allowing a wide range of movement in almost any direction.
Ball-and-Socket Joint
A modified ball-and-socket joint with articular surfaces that are ellipsoid in shape. Biaxial, limiting movement almost to a hinge motion in two axes and restricting rotation.
Ellipsoid Joint (Condyloid Joint)
Consists of two pairs of bones (scapula and clavicle) that attach each upper limb to the body.
Pectoral Girdle
Also known as the shoulder blade; a flat, triangular bone with key features
Scapula
Large projection at the tip of the shoulder.
Acromion Process
Extends across the posterior surface
Scapular Spine
Smaller projection for muscle attachment.
Coracoid Process
Articulates with the head of the humerus.
Glenoid Cavity
Also known as the collarbone; a long bone with a slight S-shaped curve.
Clavicle
Holds the upper limb away from the body, facilitating mobility.
Clavicle
The only bone in the arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow.
Humerus
