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Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Upper airway includes

A

nasal cavities, sinuses, pharynx, tonsils, larynx

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2
Q

Lower airway includes

A

conducting airways including the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

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3
Q

Ventilation

A

the ability to move the air in and out of the lungs via a pressure gradient

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4
Q

Respiration

A

the gas exchange that supplies oxygen to the blood and body tissues and removes carbon dioxide

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5
Q

Hypoxemia

A

deficient oxygenation of arterial blood

most common condition caused by pulmonary disease or injury

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6
Q

Hypoxia

A

a broad term meaning diminished availability of oxygen to the body tissues

can occur anywhere in the body, may not be relates to the pulmonary system like hypoxemia is

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7
Q

Causes of hypoxemia

A

ventilation-perfusion mismatch (asthma, pneumonia)

decreased oxygen content (high altitude, suffocation)

hyperventilation

alveolocapillary diffusion abnormality

pulmonary shunting

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8
Q

Direct measurement of arterial oxygenation

A

blood gas sampling to measure partial pressure (PaO2) and percentage saturation (SaO2)

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9
Q

Indirect measure of arterial oxygenation

A

pulse ox (SpO2)

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10
Q

Normal PaO2 level

A

80-100 mmHg

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11
Q

Normal SaO2 or SpO2 level

A

95-100%

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12
Q

SpO2 is/measures

A

percentage of hemoglobin molecules in the peripheral blood saturated with oxygen

estimation of SaO2

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13
Q

SaO2 is a measurement of

A

oxygen bound to heme protein of hemoglobin in the blood

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14
Q

The SaO2 levels are determined by

A

ABG - arterial blood gas analysis

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15
Q

T/F: Every major organ system can have secondary effects on pulmonary function and on the oxygen transport pathway

A

T

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16
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Disease

A

cough
dyspnea
chest pain
cyanosis
clubbing (nails)
altered breathing patterns
abnormal sputum
hemoptysis

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17
Q

Clear and watery mucus means

A

allergies nonallergic rhinitis

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18
Q

Pink or red mucus means

A

nosebleed (dry nasal passage)

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19
Q

Green or cloudy mucus means

A

viral or bacterial infection

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20
Q

Black mucus means

A

external irritants like smoke or pollution

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21
Q

Aging affects no only the functions of the lungs (ventilation and respiration) but also ____

A

ability of the respiratory system to defend itself

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22
Q

Chest wall compliance _____ with aging, due to changes in joint of the ribs and spine and collagen alterations

A

decreases

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23
Q

Increased stiffness of chest wall with aging affects

A

volume of air moved and the work of breathing

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24
Q

Elastic recoil ______ with aging

A

decreases by intermolecular collagen crosslinks

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25
Diminished gas exchange with aging is primarily due to
increased physiological dead space
26
With aging, what happens to the cilia in the ___ respiratory tract, and what is the result?
upper movement of cilia slows, becomes less effective in sweeping away mucus and debris
27
Most adults attain maximal lung function during their ____ There is a decrease in functional ability of lungs especially after age ____
20s 55
28
Pneumonia definition
An acute lung injury where an inflammatory pulmonary response to the offending organism or agent
29
"offending organisms" that can cause pneumonia
bacterial, fungal or mycoplasmal infection inhalation of toxic casutic chemicals, smoke, dusts or gases aspiration of food, fluids or vomitus
30
Major routes of infection of pneumonia
airborne pathogens, circulation, sinus infection and aspiration
31
The most common infections in hospitalized patients are (2)
hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia
32
30% of pneumonias are ____ 50% are ____ and not usually life-threatening except in the immunocompromised person Remaining 20% are caused by ____
Bacteria Viral Mycoplasma (bacteria)
33
Risk factors of pneumonia
lots hospitalization, ICU, surgery, mechanical ventilation, impaired cough reflex, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) children < 2 or born prematurely
34
examples of viral pneumonia
RSV and influenza
35
Bacterial pneumonia examples
strep is most prevalent
36
Most cases of pneumonia are proceeded by
an upper respiratory tract infection (flu)
37
Bacterial pneumonia sputum vs viral
bacterial - productive cough and rust-colored sputum viral - watery sputum
38
Older adults may have ___ symptoms of pneumonia
fewer and vague
39
Treatment of pneumonia
antibiotics airway clearance techniques swallowing rehab, oral care, positioning, early mobility for aspiration pneumonia vaccines
40
Acute Bronchitis
inflammation of the trachea and bronchi that is short duration (1-3 weeks) and self-limiting with few pulmonary signs
41
Acute bronchitis is typically caused by ___ infection
viral
42
COPD
a common, preventable and treatable disease that is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation that is due to airway and or alveolar abnormalities usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases
43
COPD conditions (2)
chronic bronchitis emphysema
44
COPD is caused by less airflow in and out of the airways caused by what 4 changes
airways and sacs lose their elastic quality walls between many of air sacs are destroyed walls of airways become thick and inflamed airways make more mucus than usual (clogging) ELASTIC, DESTROYED, THICK, MUCUS
45
COPD signs and symptoms
constant cough shortness of breath (ADLs) cant breathe deep excess sputum wheezing
46
What test is used to determine presence of COPD?
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
47
What does a spirometry measure?
how much air the lungs hold and how well the respiratory system is able to move air into and out of the lungs
48
Medications for treatment of pneumonia
bronchodilators inhaled steroids, anti-inflammatory agents
49
Chronic Bronchitis
productive cough lasting for at least 3 months per year for 2 consecutive years inflammation and scarring of the bronchial lining
50
Inflammation in chronic bronchitis leads to
obstructive airflow and increased *mucus production
51
In chronic bronchitis, irritants cause what to happen in the bronchi?
they cause mucus hypersecretion and hypertrophy of mucus-producing glands
52
What causes the wheezing and cough in chronic bronchitis?
thick sputum and swollen mucous membrane trying to clear the airway
53
Impaired ciliary function reduces ______ and increases _____
reduces mucus clearance increases risk of infection
54
How does obstruction during chronic bronchitis impact alveolar ventilation and PaCO2?
decreases alveolar ventilation and increased PaCO2 (cant get rid of CO2)
55
Emphysema
enlargement of the air spaces beyond the terminal bronchiole loss of elasticity, airway collapse, gas trapping
56
How is gas exchange affected in emphysema
air sac walls can be destroyed, resulting in larger air sacs and fewer air sacs (instead of having a lot of tiny ones)
57
What is the most common type of emphysema
centriacinar emphysema
58
Main causes of emphysema
main is cigarette smoking can also happen after prolonged respiratory difficulties, a defect in elastic tissue of the lungs or in older persons whos lungs have lost their natural elasticity
59
Biggest treatment of emphysema
stop smoking
60
Asthma
reversible obstructive lung disease characterized by inflammation and increased reactivity of smooth muscle of the airways to various stimuli, causing bronchoconstriction and airflow restriction
61
Two kinds of asthma
extrinsic (allergic) and intrinsic (nonallergic)
62
How does asthma happen? Pathogenesis
airway inflammation, intermittent bronchospasm, broncho-restriction, and increased secretion production in response to allergens or irritants
63
How does the immune system cause airway obstruction in asthma?
T helper cells secrete cytokines = inflammation IgE present on mast cells, mediate inflammation these cells release more toxins as they break down, causing bronchospasm and hypersecretions
64
What disease would cause a nonproductive cough that fails to mobilize secretions?
Asthma
65
Sleep-disordered breathing
breathing abnormalities during sleep that result in intermittently disrupted gas exchange and sleep interruption
66
Obstructive sleep apnea
significant daytime symptoms in conjuction with evidence of sleep-related upper airway obstruction and sleep disturbance
67
Overlap syndrome (OVS)
co-occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea and COPD

Internal Med (26 decks)

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