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Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Primordial prevention - who is it often aimed at?

A

risk factor reduction towards entire population through social and environmental conditions

aimed at children

through laws and national policy (adding sidewalks)

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2
Q

Primary prevention

A

reducing chances of first adverse CV event in patients with no clinical apparent CVD

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3
Q

Secondary prevention

A

decrease recurrent cardiovascular events and reduce death

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4
Q

Cardinal symptoms of cardiac disease

A

chest, neck, or arm pain or discomfort, angina, palpitations; dyspnea, syncope (fainting); fatigue, cough, cyanosis

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5
Q

____ and ____ are the most common symptoms of the vascular component of CV pathologic conditions

A

edema and leg pain

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6
Q

Biomarkers

A

BP, premature ventricular contraction, LDL-C, CRP (C-reactive protein)

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of hospitalization and death in the older population?

A

CV disease, especially coronary atherosclerosis

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8
Q

With aging, heart pumps __ blood and works ____

A

less
harder

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9
Q

disease-independent changes that reduce function:

A

reduced myocytes
cardiac fibrosis
reduction in calcium transport
lower capillary density
decrease in intracellular response to B-adrenergic stimulation (can’t respond to exercise well)
impaired autonomic reflex control of heart rate

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10
Q

What factors cause stiffer arterial walls and decreased lumen with aging?

A

increased collagen and calcium, progressive deterioration of tunica media, plaque

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11
Q

Arterial walls ____ with age and the aorta becomes ___ and _____

A

stiffen

dilated and elongated

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12
Q

loss of elasticity in elastin and collagen with aging most often affects which vessels?

A

larger and medium-sized

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13
Q

Are cardiac function changes with aging more apparent at rest or during exercise?

A

exercise

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14
Q

Max HR during exercise ___ with age

A

declines

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15
Q

What cardiac changes with *exercise occur with aging?

A

decline with maximal oxygen uptake, declined heart rate, reduced maximal cardiac output

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16
Q

T/F exercise can reverse some of the age associated changes in the heart

A

True

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17
Q

Female hearts are ___ and ____ than male hearts

A

smaller and constructed differently

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18
Q

Structural differences in the ____ ____ may explain why women are more prone to __________ than are men

A

mitral valve

mitral valve prolapse

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19
Q

Woman have a 3x greater risk of ______ from medication

A

potentially fatal arrhythmias from medication

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20
Q

Women have a greater incidence of ______ from thrombolytic agents

A

bleeding episodes

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21
Q

Metabolic syndrome diagnosis criteria

A
  • elevated waist circumference (>40 men, >35 women)
  • reduced HDL (<40 men and <50 women)
  • increased BP (130/85 or greater)
  • elevated fasting blood glucose (100 or greater)
  • elevated serum triglyceride (150 or greater)
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22
Q

Elevated ____ levels place a person at greater risk of heart disease

A

total serum cholesterol

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23
Q

optimal total cholesterol level

A

about 150

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24
Q

optimal LDL and HDL levels

A

LDL - about 100
HDL - 40 in men and 50 in women

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25
optimal triglyceride level
less then 150
26
BP levels (normal, elevated, hypertension stage 1 and 2)
normal - <120/80 elevated - 120-129/<80 stage 1 hypertension - 130-139/80-89 stage 2 - > 140/90 (greater or equal to)
27
Disorder of the myocardium owing to insufficient blood supply is known as
ischemic heart disease, CAD or coronary heart disease
28
Arteriosclerosis
group of diseases characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls or hardening of the arteries
29
Atherosclerosis
athero mas (fat) form in inner layer (intima)
30
Monckeberg arteriosclerosis
involves middle layer, destruction of muscle and elastic fibers, formation of calcium deposits
31
Arteriolosclerosis or arteriolar sclerosis
thickening of walls of small arteries Look for “olo”
32
Surgical interventions if atherosclerosis
PCI - percutaneous coronary intervention CABG - coronary artery bypass graft (saph vein) Coronary stent
33
Medical management of CV disease conditions
lifestyle, exercise, medication, surgery
34
Angina Pectoris
chest pain or discomfort when the cardiac workload exceeds available oxygen supply to heart because blood vessels are restricted from plaque build up
35
Causes of myocardial ischemia
decreased oxygen supply, increased oxygen demand (exercise or exertion)
36
Common warning sides of heart attack
uncomfortable pressure, fullness squeezing or pain in center of chest (prolonged) pain that spreads to throat, neck, back, jaw, shoulders or arms chest discomfort, light headiness, dizziness, sweating, pallor, nausea or shortness of breath prolonged symptoms unrelieved by antacids, nitroglycerin or rest
37
Primary hypertension
idiopathic hypertension, 90-95% of all cases
38
Secondary hypertension
results from identifiable hypertension, 5-10% cases
39
Malignant hypertension
marked by elevated BP (>125) with target organ damage
40
Nonmodifiable risk factors of hypertension (good to know)
positive family history of CV disease age (>55 years) gender (mall <55, woman >55) ethnicity (African American or Hispanic)
41
Myocardial infarction
myocardial cell death due to prolonged ischemia
42
MI type 1 cause
caused by CAD and atherosclerotic plaque disruption (ruptrue)
43
MI type 2 cause
mismatch between oxygen supply and demand by myocardial tissue; no atherosclerotic plaque disruption occurs
44
Heart Failure
results from any structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet body's needs
45
Orthostatic (Postural) Hypotension (criteria)
decrease of 20mmHg or greater in SBP or a drop of 10 mmHg or more in both systolic and diastolic BP with a concomitant pulse increase of 15 beats/min or more on *standing from a supine or sitting position
46
Who is orthostatic hypotension common in?
frail older adults, contribute to syncope and falls
47
Diseases affecting the cardiac NERVOUS system
ventricular fibrillation Arrhythmias
48
What causes arrhythmias?
abnormal rate of electrical impulse generation by the SA node
49
Echo
heart imaging - shows structures and functions of heart
50
What are the two layers of the pericardium?
inner visceral layer which is attached tot he epicardium and the outer parietal layer
51
What is the main role of the pericardium?
stabilizes position reduces friction
52
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
53
What is an aneurysm? Which one is most common?
abnormal stretching (dilation) in the wall of an artery vein or heart diameter that is 50% greater than normal abdominal aortic aneurysms
54
Describe a venous thrombosis (clot), why is it relevant in PT?
a venous thrombus is an intravascular collection of fibrin network, platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes risk factors include immobility
55
Thrombophlebitis
swelling of a vein because of vein wall (phlebitis) inflammation due to thrombus (blood clot) deposition in the vein
56
Thrombophlebitis types (2)
deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
57
Pulmonary Embolism
can occur when a part of a thrombus (embolus) in a DVT (deep vein thrombosis) breaks loose and travels through the right side of the heart into the pulmonary artery occludes BF and impairs gas exchange/damages lungs
58
Pulmonary embolisms can occur _________ warning
without can end in sudden death
59
DVT and PE are referred to as
venous thromboembolism (VTE)
60
What can cause an Emboli?
blood clots air bubbles fat droplets amniotic fluid clumps of parasites tumor cells
61
Varicose veins
abnormal dilation of veins, usually saphenous, of LE, leading to twisting and turning of the vessel, incompetence of valves and propensity to thrombosis

Internal Med (26 decks)

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