Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Internal Med > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Primordial prevention - who is it often aimed at?

A

risk factor reduction towards entire population through social and environmental conditions

aimed at children

through laws and national policy (adding sidewalks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Primary prevention

A

reducing chances of first adverse CV event in patients with no clinical apparent CVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Secondary prevention

A

decrease recurrent cardiovascular events and reduce death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cardinal symptoms of cardiac disease

A

chest, neck, or arm pain or discomfort, angina, palpitations; dyspnea, syncope (fainting); fatigue, cough, cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

____ and ____ are the most common symptoms of the vascular component of CV pathologic conditions

A

edema and leg pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Biomarkers

A

BP, premature ventricular contraction, LDL-C, CRP (C-reactive protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the most common cause of hospitalization and death in the older population?

A

CV disease, especially coronary atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

With aging, heart pumps __ blood and works ____

A

less
harder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

disease-independent changes that reduce function:

A

reduced myocytes
cardiac fibrosis
reduction in calcium transport
lower capillary density
decrease in intracellular response to B-adrenergic stimulation (can’t respond to exercise well)
impaired autonomic reflex control of heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What factors cause stiffer arterial walls and decreased lumen with aging?

A

increased collagen and calcium, progressive deterioration of tunica media, plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Arterial walls ____ with age and the aorta becomes ___ and _____

A

stiffen

dilated and elongated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

loss of elasticity in elastin and collagen with aging most often affects which vessels?

A

larger and medium-sized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Are cardiac function changes with aging more apparent at rest or during exercise?

A

exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Max HR during exercise ___ with age

A

declines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What cardiac changes with *exercise occur with aging?

A

decline with maximal oxygen uptake, declined heart rate, reduced maximal cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T/F exercise can reverse some of the age associated changes in the heart

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Female hearts are ___ and ____ than male hearts

A

smaller and constructed differently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Structural differences in the ____ ____ may explain why women are more prone to __________ than are men

A

mitral valve

mitral valve prolapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Woman have a 3x greater risk of ______ from medication

A

potentially fatal arrhythmias from medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Women have a greater incidence of ______ from thrombolytic agents

A

bleeding episodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Metabolic syndrome diagnosis criteria

A
  • elevated waist circumference (>40 men, >35 women)
  • reduced HDL (<40 men and <50 women)
  • increased BP (130/85 or greater)
  • elevated fasting blood glucose (100 or greater)
  • elevated serum triglyceride (150 or greater)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Elevated ____ levels place a person at greater risk of heart disease

A

total serum cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

optimal total cholesterol level

A

about 150

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

optimal LDL and HDL levels

A

LDL - about 100
HDL - 40 in men and 50 in women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

optimal triglyceride level

A

less then 150

26
Q

BP levels (normal, elevated, hypertension stage 1 and 2)

A

normal - <120/80

elevated - 120-129/<80

stage 1 hypertension - 130-139/80-89

stage 2 - > 140/90 (greater or equal to)

27
Q

Disorder of the myocardium owing to insufficient blood supply is known as

A

ischemic heart disease, CAD or coronary heart disease

28
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

group of diseases characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls or hardening of the arteries

29
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

athero mas (fat) form in inner layer (intima)

30
Q

Monckeberg arteriosclerosis

A

involves middle layer, destruction of muscle and elastic fibers, formation of calcium deposits

31
Q

Arteriolosclerosis or arteriolar sclerosis

A

thickening of walls of small arteries

Look for “olo”

32
Q

Surgical interventions if atherosclerosis

A

PCI - percutaneous coronary intervention

CABG - coronary artery bypass graft (saph vein)

Coronary stent

33
Q

Medical management of CV disease conditions

A

lifestyle, exercise, medication, surgery

34
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

chest pain or discomfort

when the cardiac workload exceeds available oxygen supply to heart because blood vessels are restricted from plaque build up

35
Q

Causes of myocardial ischemia

A

decreased oxygen supply, increased oxygen demand (exercise or exertion)

36
Q

Common warning sides of heart attack

A

uncomfortable pressure, fullness squeezing or pain in center of chest (prolonged)

pain that spreads to throat, neck, back, jaw, shoulders or arms

chest discomfort, light headiness, dizziness, sweating, pallor, nausea or shortness of breath

prolonged symptoms unrelieved by antacids, nitroglycerin or rest

37
Q

Primary hypertension

A

idiopathic hypertension, 90-95% of all cases

38
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

results from identifiable hypertension, 5-10% cases

39
Q

Malignant hypertension

A

marked by elevated BP (>125) with target organ damage

40
Q

Nonmodifiable risk factors of hypertension (good to know)

A

positive family history of CV disease

age (>55 years)

gender (mall <55, woman >55)

ethnicity (African American or Hispanic)

41
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

myocardial cell death due to prolonged ischemia

42
Q

MI type 1 cause

A

caused by CAD and atherosclerotic plaque disruption (ruptrue)

43
Q

MI type 2 cause

A

mismatch between oxygen supply and demand by myocardial tissue; no atherosclerotic plaque disruption occurs

44
Q

Heart Failure

A

results from any structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood

heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet body’s needs

45
Q

Orthostatic (Postural) Hypotension (criteria)

A

decrease of 20mmHg or greater in SBP or a drop of 10 mmHg or more in both systolic and diastolic BP with a concomitant pulse increase of 15 beats/min or more on *standing from a supine or sitting position

46
Q

Who is orthostatic hypotension common in?

A

frail older adults, contribute to syncope and falls

47
Q

Diseases affecting the cardiac NERVOUS system

A

ventricular fibrillation

Arrhythmias

48
Q

What causes arrhythmias?

A

abnormal rate of electrical impulse generation by the SA node

49
Q

Echo

A

heart imaging - shows structures and functions of heart

50
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

A

inner visceral layer which is attached tot he epicardium and the outer parietal layer

51
Q

What is the main role of the pericardium?

A

stabilizes position

reduces friction

52
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

53
Q

What is an aneurysm? Which one is most common?

A

abnormal stretching (dilation) in the wall of an artery vein or heart diameter that is 50% greater than normal

abdominal aortic aneurysms

54
Q

Describe a venous thrombosis (clot), why is it relevant in PT?

A

a venous thrombus is an intravascular collection of fibrin network, platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes

risk factors include immobility

55
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

swelling of a vein because of vein wall (phlebitis) inflammation due to thrombus (blood clot) deposition in the vein

56
Q

Thrombophlebitis types (2)

A

deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

57
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

can occur when a part of a thrombus (embolus) in a DVT (deep vein thrombosis) breaks loose and travels through the right side of the heart into the pulmonary artery

occludes BF and impairs gas exchange/damages lungs

58
Q

Pulmonary embolisms can occur _________ warning

A

without

can end in sudden death

59
Q

DVT and PE are referred to as

A

venous thromboembolism (VTE)

60
Q

What can cause an Emboli?

A

blood clots
air bubbles
fat droplets
amniotic fluid
clumps of parasites
tumor cells

61
Q

Varicose veins

A

abnormal dilation of veins, usually saphenous, of LE, leading to twisting and turning of the vessel, incompetence of valves and propensity to thrombosis

Internal Med (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions