Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Internal Med > Genitourinary 2 > Flashcards

Genitourinary 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Micturition

A

voiding or bladder emptying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Micturition requires the interplay of

A

nerves, detrusor muscle of the bladder, internal urethral sphincter (involuntary) and external urethral sphincter (voluntary, PV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neural control of lower urinary tract

A

During storage, the sympathetic system keeps the bladder relaxed, and the external sphincter is contracted.

During micturition, the parasympathetic system contracts the bladder, while the external sphincter is voluntarily relaxed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Urinary or Fecal incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse are characteristics of overactive or underactive PFM?

A

underactive - your muscles cant keep them inside!

absent or weak contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Obstructive voiding or defecation, dyspareunia (painful intercourse), pelvic pain are associated with over or under active PFM?

A

overactive

cant voluntarily relax PFM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Only __-__% of incontinent adults eek medical care

A

20-50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Urinary incontinence contributes to what conditions?

A

falls
pressure sores
skin breakdown
UTIs
institutionalization
depression
isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Many people have more than one type of incontinence, most often which two together?

A

SUI
UUI

known as mixed UI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI)

A

involuntary loss of urine on effort or physical exertion or on sneezing or coughing

occurs during activities that increase intrabdominal pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What causes stress incontinence?

A

weakness or loss of time in PFM

internal urethral sphincter failure

hypermobility of ureterovesical junction

damage to the pudendal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Urgency Urinary incontinence (UUI) - what is it and what is is usually due to?

A

sudden compelling desire to urinate that is difficult to defer

often related to the detrusor (bladder) muscle contracting at small volumes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which urinary incontinence occurs in response to triggers like running water or arriving home?

A

UUI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Other types of incontence

A

overactive bladder
functional (cant get up to go)
overflow
transient (temporary loss of control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Some risk factors for urinary incontinence

A

high impact exercise
hormonal changes (estrogen deficiency)
SES
COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is prostatitis?

A

inflammation of the prostate gland

can be bacterial or nonbacterial
asymptomatic or symptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many categories of prostatitis are there and which is most common in the clinic?

A

4

category 3 - chronic pelvic pain syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T/F: all four categories of prostatitis involve inflammation

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Category 1 Prostatitis

A

acute bacterial prostatis

Bacterial infection of the prostate gland from GU infection (bacteria or virus) or sexually transmitted diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Symptoms of acute bacterial prostatitis (local and systemic)

A

pain or obstruction with voiding

pain in suprapubic, rectal, sacral, low back or perineum

fever, chills, nausea, emesis, arthralgia, myalgia, and malaise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Category II of prostatitis

A

chronic bacterial prostatitis

recurrent infection

21
Q

Symptoms of chronic bacterial prostatitis

A

low-grade symptoms as for category 1

flare-ups of pelvic pain

voiding problems

sexual dysfunction - ED, ejaculatory pain, decline in emotional wellbeing

22
Q

Category III Prostatitis

A

IIIA - chronic prostatitis (CP)
IIIB - Chronic Pelvic Pain (CPPS)

most common in clinic

23
Q

IIIA chronic prostatitis (CP) VS IIIB Chronic Pelvic Pain (CPPS)

A

IIIA (CP) - pain and urinary dysfunction WITH inflammation but WITHOUT infection

IIIB - Pain and urinary dysfunction WITHOUT inflammation or infection (AKA chronic nonbacterial prostatitis)

24
Q

Symptoms with CP or CPPS

A

GU, lower abdomen/pelvic, low

back pain, worse by sitting squatting or bending

irritative and obstructive voiding

sexual dysfunction

disturbed quality of life

25
Q

Category IV of prostatitis

A

Asymptomatic Inflammatory Prostatitis

26
Q

How is Asymptomatic Inflammatory Prostatitis diagnosed/found?

A

WBCs and inflammatory markers are found in semen or prostate tissue, usually when looking for infertility causes or testing for prostate cancer

27
Q

What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and what is the criteria for it?

A

non-malignancy enlargement of the prostate gland

prostate volume > 30 mL along with urinary tract symptoms and bladder outlet obstruction

28
Q

___% of men over 50 experience symptoms of BPH

A

70%

29
Q

BPH risk factors

A

age over 40
family history
diabetes
heart disease with beta blocker use
obesity

30
Q

Exercise ____ the risk pf BPH

A

decreases

31
Q

How does BPH occur - what happens to cell growth ratio?

A

the ratio of new prostate cells to old prostate cells shifts in favor of lower cell death, causing increased growth (hyperplasia)

32
Q

In BPH, the cell growth/hyperplasia grows in what direction? What does this cause?

A

grows inward in the peri-urethral region, compressing the urethra, obstructing urine flow, backing it up in the ureters and pooling in the kidney

33
Q

Cancer of the prostate typically develops initially in the ____

A

periphery of the gland

34
Q

Common symptoms of BPH

A

painful urination
blood in urine
unexplained low back pain or pelvis, hip, upper thigh pain
sexual dysfunction

35
Q

What are the ways to asses BPH (testing)?

A

digital rectal exam (DRE)

prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test that is strongly related to prostate volume (normally < 4 ng/mL)

36
Q

Mandatory assesment of BPH

A

history screening
DRE
Urinary analysis to rule out infection

37
Q

“recommended” assessments for BPH

A

IPSS
AUA-SI
PSA

38
Q

What is the most ocmmon cancer in american men?

A

prostate

39
Q

what is the second most commmon cause of death of men behind lung cancer?

A

prostate cancer

40
Q

1 in _ men will develop prostate cancer

A

6

41
Q

_____carcinomas account for 98% of primary prostatic tumors

A

adenocarcinomas

42
Q

Prostate cancer usually starts in the ____ portion of the prostate and works its way ____

A

outer
inward

43
Q

What causes prostate cancer?

A

the exact cause is unknown

exercise may reduce risk

44
Q

At what age is it a risk factor for prostate cancer

A

> 50

45
Q

Pathogenesis of prostate cancer

A

adenocarcinomas infiltrate the stroma of the prostate and invade adjacent structures, spreads to lymphatics (lymphatic metastasis)

46
Q

Obstructive symptoms of prostate cancer are similar to BPH, what are they?

A

urinary urgency, frequency, hesitancy, dysuria, hematuria, difficulty initiating or continuing stream, decreased urine stream

47
Q

Bony metastasis may occur in prostate cancer, where does this occur?

A

axial skeleton

sacral and lumbar plexus

48
Q

Dull aches from prostate cancer in the rectal, sacral or lumbar spine may result in

A

difficulty walking

49
Q

Treatment of prostate cancer

A

radical prostatectomy - removal of whole prostate gland

Internal Med (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions