Basic Principles of Pharmacology Flashcards
Pharmacotherapeutics
The use of specific drugs to prevent, treat, or diagnose a disease
Pharmacokinetics
how the body absorbs, distributes and eliminates the drug
Pharmacodynamics
what the drug does to the body and what mechanisms it uses to do this effect
Cryotherapy
Desired effect; decreased pain, edema and inflammation, muscle relaxation and decreased spasticity
Complementary drugs: anti-inflammatory steriords or analgesics (asprin and NSAIDs)
Antagonistic Drugs: peripheral vasodilators may make acute local edema worse
Other; some forms of cryo may produce vasoconstriction that temporarily impedes diffusion of drugs to the site of inflammation
Superficial and Deep Heat
(hot packs, paraffin, infared, fluidotherapy. diathermy, ultrasound)
Desired effect: decreased muscle/joint pain and stiffness, muscle spasms and increased blood flow to improve tissue healing
Complimentary drugs: NSAIDs, opiod analgesics, local anesthetics, skeletal muscle relaxants, peripheral vasodialtors
NOTICE they are opposites
Antagonist Drugs: nonselective cholinergic agonists (stimulate muscle and we want them to relax, may stimulate neuromuscular junction) and systemic vasoconstrictors (decrease blood flow while heat works to increase blood flow)
Systemic Heat
(large whirlpool or hubbard tank)
Desired effect: decreased muscle.joint stiffness in large areas of the body
Complimentary drugs: opioid and nonopioid analgesics (muscle relax and pain relief), skeletal muscle relaxants
Antagonist drugs: none
BUT hypertension may occur if patient in whirlpool is taking vasodilators and antihypertensive drugs
Ultraviolet Radiation
Desire effect: increased wound healing, management of skin disorders (acne, rashes), decreased pain
Complimentary drugs: antibiotics and anti-inflammatory steroids (glucocorticoids)
Antagonistic drugs:
many drugs can cause hypersensitivity that results in skin rashes and itching
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
desired effect: decreased pain
complimentary drugs:opiod and nonopiod analgescis, certain antisezuire drugs
antagonistic drugs: opiod antagonsitis (naloxone, naltrexone)
Functional Neuromuscular Electrical Stimmulaiton
desire effect: increased skeletal muscular strength and endurance, decreased spasticity and muscle spasms
complimentary drugs: low-dose androgens and skeletal muscle relaxants
antagonistic drugs: skeletal muscle relaxants…nonselective cholingric agonists may stimulate nm junction
Acetaminophen
Tylonol, Acephen, Feverall, Panadol
Non-inflammatory, headaches general pains
Levodopa
Larodopa
Phenobarbital
Lumibnal, Eskabarb
Diazepam
Valium
Aspirin
Bayer Aspirin, Bufferin, Ecotrin
Headache, general aches and pains. anti-inflammatory
Ibuprofen
Advil, Genpril, Iprin, Ibu, Motrin IB
Headache, general pain from inflammation
Similar to Naproxen, some respond better to one than the other
Naproxen
Aleve, Naprosyn
Headache, general pain from inflammation
Similar to Naproxen, some respond better to one than the other
Generic Drugs vs Brand name
Describe the phases of the drug screening process by the FDA
- Preclinical Testing - initial animal lab tests for effects and safety
- NID Application approval for human testing
- phase 1; small number of healthy ppl (is it safe?)
- phase 2; limited number of patients with target disorder (is it effective)
- phase 3; large number of patients - NDA approved, and postmarking surveillance for any rare adverse effects
What might speed up the drug approval process?
typically a 7-9 year process but can be sped up for critical diseases if it seems promising or if the condition does not have current medications
Orphan Drugs
Drugs for relatively small populations (less than 200k) with rare diseases
research and development can be difficult with small pop. and can be expensive so sometimes funding is provided
Off-labeling prescription
the use of a drug to treat conditions other than what it was originally approved to treat
insurance companies might not cover the medicine then
legal and common in US
What is a risk with OTC meds, and what is a PTs role in adminstering them
can cause serious interactions with a patient prescription meds or can delay the use of more effective medications
PTs should not directly prescribe or administer PTC but can provide info about the use of them and potential benefits
What was the controlled substance act?
1970, CSA, listed substances in 5 categories with 1 - highest potential for abuse and 5 - lowest abuse potential
What is the main goals of drug therapy
To restore normal physiological function or to prevent a disease process from occurring
