Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Internal Med > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Oncology/Cancer

A

refers to a large group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and spread of abnormal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Malignant cells

A

differentiation is altered and may be lost completely

completely lost identity with the parent tissue is considered as undifferentiated (anaplastic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The less differentiated a tumor becomes….

A

the faster metastasis occurs and the worse the prognosis is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dysplasia

A

a disorganization of cells in which an adult cell varies from its normal size, shape or organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Metaplasia

A

first level of dysplasia

  • reversible and benign but abnormal change in which one adult cell changes from one type to another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Anaplasia

A

loss of cellular differentiation

the most advanced form of metaplasia and is considered the hallmark feature of malignant disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Meta-

A

indicating change, alteration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increased number of cells in tissue or tissue mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neoplastic hyperplasia

A

the increase in cell mass due to tumor formation and is an abnormal process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

-plast

A

living substance, organelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tumors (neoplasms)

A

abnormal new growth of tissue, serves no useful purpose, may harm host by competing for vital blood supply and nutrients

benign vs malignant

primary - tumor in pancreas
secondary - tumor/cancer cells in pancreas expands to liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

localized, pre-invasive, and possibly premalignant tumor of epithleal tissue

contained within the host organ and have not broken through basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Classification of neoplasm

A

cell type, tissue of origin, degree of differentiation ,anatomic site, benign vs malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Classification by cell type

A

epithelial tissue, connective tissue and muscle, nerve tissue, lymphoid tissue and hematopoietic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Benign tissue suffix

A

-OMA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Malignant tissue suffix

A
  • SACROMA
  • CACINOMA

and lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Staging

A

stage of disease reflects the rate of growth, extent of the neoplasm and the prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stage 0

A

carcinoma in situ (premalignant, preinvasive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Stage 1

A

early stage, local cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Stage 2

A

increased risk of spread because tumor size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Stage 3

A

local cancer has spread but may not be disseminated to distant regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Stage 4

A

cancer has spread and disseminated to distant sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

TNM Staging system (Tx, T0, Tis, T1, T2, …)

A

T: Primary tumor
N: Regional lymph nodes
M: Distant metastasis

x = can not be assessed
0 = no evidence of tumor
IS = carcinoma in situ (confined to site of origin)
1, 2, 3, 4; progressive increase in tumor size and involvement locally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Grading

A

numerical score or scale done by pathologists for different types of tumors

lower the value the lower the tumor grade and the better differentiation of tissue within the tumor

a highly scored/scaled tumor is considered a high-grade tumor with poor cellular differentiation and a tendency to metastasize early

high score is bad (i think)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Incidence commonly diagnosed cancers
most commonly diagnosed cancers are lung, breast and colorectal
26
most prevalent cancer in the world is
lung cancer lung cancer accounts for the largest number of cancer deaths worldwide
27
Gender-based incidence
men; prostate, lung and bronchus and colon/rectum most common women; breast, lung and bronchos and colon/rectum
28
Etiology (two main causes)
1. endogenous (genetic) origin 2. Exogenous (environmental or external) origin
29
How does most cancer develop
as a result of multiple environmental, viral, and genetic factors working together to disrupt the immune system, along with the failure of an aging immune system, to recognize an scavenge the less differentiated cells
30
What are the most common cancers showing a familial pattern?
prostate, breast ovarian and colon cancers
31
What % of cancers are caused by nearly 500 different cancer-causing agents
50%
32
Carcinogens
etiologic agents capable of initiating the malignant transformation of a cell
33
Risk factors for cancer
heredity, aging, lifestyle, geographic location and environmental variables, ethnicity, precancerous lesions, stress
34
Pathogenesis of cancer; somatic mutation theory
the concept that neoplasia originates in a single cell by the acquired genetic change was proposed and remains today the view of cancer pathogenesis most supported by experimental evidence
35
What discovery laid the foundation of modern cancer cytogenetics (study of chromosomes in cancer)?
chromosomal aberration (change in structure/number of chromosomes) is one of the basic mechanisms of tumor cell proliferation
36
How does chromosomal changes contribute to malignant process?
- remains unclear - chromosomal rearrangements may lead to oncogene activation another proposed mechanism suggests that chromosomal changes inactivate a tumor suppressor gene through chromosomal deletion
37
Current theory of oncogenesis
oncogenes; cancer-causing genes or proto-oncogenes they have the ability to transform normal cells into malignant cells independently or incorporated with a virus both oncogenes and tumor supressor genes are present in their normal nonmutated form in cells and contribute to the regulation of cell division and death
38
Tumor suppressor genes
have the opposite effect of oncogenes (anti-oncogenes)
39
Cancer stem cell hypothesis
40
Carcinogenesis
process by which a normal cell undergoes malignant transformation **Just know its MULTSTEP involving progressive changes after genetic damage to or alteration of cellular DNA through the development of hyperplasia, metaplasia dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, invasive carcinoma, metastatic carcinoma in that order
41
Immunosurveillance
how do we know the immune system plays a role in cancer? ; - a higher incidence of cancer after immunosuppression or in immunodeficiency - infiltration of tumors by lymphocytes and macrophages - lymphocytes proliferation in response to tumors - regression of metastases after ablation of the primary tumor - immune-mediated spontaneous regression of human tumors
42
Tumor-Specific antigens (TSAs)
TSAs are uniquely expressed by tumor cells and are not expressed by normal cells T cells recognize different types of tumor antigens
43
Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)
Expressed by tumors AND normal cells higher level on tumors relative to normal cells or are expressed at different stages of development or differentiation
44
Major immune responses against tumors
- involves both innate and adaptive immunity big players: - NK cells - macrophages - Cytotoxic CD8 + T cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
45
Macrophages (what is required for them to be activated?)
tumor antigen-specific CD4 + T cells and B cells are required for antibody production and cytokine activation of macrophages
46
Why is immunity often insufficient to clear tumors? Why does cancer develop in an immunocompetent individual
- malignancies proliferate at such a rapid rate that immune defenses are simply overtaken - many tumors are weak immunogens, perhaps because they vary only slightly from self-antigens - tumors have also evolved to evade innate and adaptive immune responses known as immune escape
47
Know tumor evasion strategies
48
How do malignant tumors differ from benign tumors in regards to invasion and metastases?
- malignant tumors differ from the benign in their ability to metastasize or spread from th eprimary site to othe rlocations in the body
49
When does metastasis occur
when cells break away from the primary tumor, travel through the body via the blood or lymphatic system and become trapped in capillaries of organs
50
5 most common sites of metastasis
lymph nodes, liver, lung, bone, brain
51
table 9.3
52
Seed vs Soil theory of metastasis
some cancers favor certain sites of metastasis over others so that metastases only occur if the cancer cell (seed) finds favorable microenvironment at the site of the host (the soil) aka certain tumor cells seem to have specific affinity for certain organ traditional cancer treatment targets seed whereas todays research also focuses on the soil (target site)
53
How many % of clients with newly diagnosed cancers have clinically detectable metastases?
30 %
54
At least __ % of the remaining clients who are clinically free of metastases harbor occult (hidden) metastasis
30-40%
55
Why is complete surgical removal of disease impossible?
most people have multiple sites of metastatic diseases
56
Where is metastasis is more likely to occur?
veins (opposed to arteries) because the cancer cannot break through the arterial wall
57
Key factors to cancer cure
eradicating metastases
58
What is required for a tumor to grow?
depends on its ability to gain access to an adequate supply of blood and sometimes hormonal factors
59
Mechanisms of metastasis
angiogenesis - blood vessels from preexisting vessels grow into the solid tumor tumors excrete acid-like enzymes that dissolve the basement membrane and break through to the lymphatics cancer cells can enter the bloodstream where lymph nodes drain into veins
60
Metastic spread usually occurs within ___ years after initial diagnosis and treatment of malignancy
3-5
61
Where is metastasis most common to occur?
areas of the body that provide environment rich in nutrition 1. pulmonary system (lungs) 2. hepatic system (liver) 3. skeletal system (bone) 4. CNS
62
Pulmonary system
most common of all metastatic tumors venous drainage of msot areas of the body is through the superior and inferior venae cavae into the heart, making the lungs the first organ to filter malignant cells symptoms; - dry cough - pleural pain - shortness of breathe or dyspnea - hemoptysis
63
Hepatic system
bc the liver filters blood coming in from the gastrointestinal tract, its primary metastatic site for tumors of the stomach, colorectum and pancreas symptoms; - abdominal or right upper Q pain - general malaise and fatigue - anorexia - early satiety and weight loss - low grade fevers
64
Skeletal muscle (bone)
osteolytic type - decreased bone density
65
CNS - brain
66
CNS - spinal cord
67
Diagnosis of metastasis
68
cancer recurannce

Internal Med (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions