Hematologic System

Question 1

Hematology

Answer 1

branch of science studies the form, structure and function of blood and blood-forming tissues

Question 2

Hematologic system integrated with what systems?

Answer 2

immune and lymphatic

Question 3

Function of hematologic system

Answer 3

deliver formed elements to tissues for cellular metabolism, defense against injury and invading microorganisms and acid-base balance

Question 4

T/F: lymph nodes are part of the hematopoietic system

Answer 4

true

Question 5

Signs and Symptoms of hematologic disease

Answer 5

edema
infarction (tissue necrosis)
thrombus
embolus
lymphedema
bleeding and bruising
shock
splenomegaly

Question 6

thrombus vs embolus

Answer 6

thrombus is a solid mass of clotted blood and embolus is a clot that moves within a blood vessel to lodge at a site distant from its place of origin

Question 7

Lymphedema

Answer 7

chronic swelling of an area from accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema)

swelling because fluid build-up

Question 8

Bleeding and bruising occur from ____

Answer 8

trauma

normal response

Question 9

When does shock occur?

Answer 9

when the circulatory system is unable to maintain adequate pressure in order to perfuse organs

Question 10

Common clinical signs of shock

Answer 10

tachycardia, tachypnea, cool extremities, decreased pulses, decreased urine output, altered mental status

Question 11

Lymph nodes are mobile or immobile? Small or large?

Answer 11

small and mobile, rubbery feel

Question 12

What declines with age in the hematopoietic system?

Answer 12

the percentage of the marrow space occupied by hematopoietic (blood-forming) tissue declines progressively

Question 13

T/F Blood composition changes drastically with age

Answer 13

F: changes little

Question 14

Anemias are a state or symptom of many diseases that result in

Answer 14

a reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood (bc abnormality in the quantity or quality of RBC)

Question 15

Anemia pathogenesis can be ______

Answer 15

multifactorial

Question 16

Three main causes of Anemia

Answer 16

excessive blood loss (hemorrhage)

destruction of erythrocytes (hemolytic)

decreased production of erythrocytes

Question 17

How is anemia classified?

Answer 17

morphology

Question 18

What can cause excessive blood loss in PT setting?

Answer 18

slow and chronic GI blood loss from medication (aspirin or NSAIDs)

GI disorders

Question 19

What causes an increased destruction of erythocytes?

Answer 19

congenital or acquired disorders

Question 20

*Decreased production of erthrocytes

Answer 20

1. lack of erythropoietin
2. inability of bone marrow to respond to erythropoietin and make RBC
3. nutritional deficiency (iron, B12, folate)
4. anemia of chronic disease
5. chronic kidney disease
6. bone marrow disorders
7. radiation-induced bone marrow failure

Question 21

What is erythropoietin?

Answer 21

hormone produced in the kidney that stimulates the production and maturation of RBC

Question 22

Signs and Symptoms associated with anemia are related to the _____ of anemia and the ______ over which the erythrocytes were lost

Answer 22

severity

amount of time

Question 23

Symptoms of Mild vs Moderate Anemia

Answer 23

mild - vague symptoms

moderate - cant supply body tissues, tachycardia (trying to compensate for low blood oxygen), dyspnea, weakness, fatigue, pallor

Question 24

koilonychia is a symptom of

Answer 24

moderate anemia

spoon nails

Question 25

more Clinical manifestations of moderate anemia

Answer 25

change in skin tone *lack of exercise tolerance dementia neuropathies pain or paresthesia lack of locomotion CNS - personality changes, dementia liver and kidney damage **cardiac ischemia - risk for heart attack

Question 26

Diagnosis of anemia uses

Answer 26

complete blood count (RBC) - % of blood volume composed of RBCs and other factors (hemoglobin) reticulocyte count (amount of new RBCs) STUDY TABLE CBC

Question 27

What is important to know as the PT with a patient with anemia?

Answer 27

know the underlying cause to recognize red flags and adjust the program or medical referal

Question 28

Anemic people have _____ exercise tolerance

Answer 28

decreased

Question 29

Hemostasis

Answer 29

arrest of bleeding after blood vessel injury using blood vessel wall, platelets and coagulation proteins

Question 30

Primary hemostasis

Answer 30

formation of a platelet plug at the site of the vascular injury

Question 31

Willebrand factor (VWF) and platelets are required in

Answer 31

primary hemostasis

Question 32

function of willebrand factor

Answer 32

mediates initial adhesion of platelets at bleeding injuries binds and stabilizes blood clotting factor VIII

Question 33

defects in VWF can cause

Answer 33

bleeding

Question 34

defects in primary hemostasis (two condition names)

Answer 34

von Willebrand disease (dysfunction in VWF) thrombocytopenia (decrease in platelets)

Question 35

Bleeding caused by platelet disorders or VWD is characterized by

Answer 35

easy bruising or mucosal bleeding

Question 36

Thrombocytopenia is a platelet blood count below

Answer 36

150,000

Question 37

Hemophilias is a defect of ____ hemostasis

Answer 37

secondary

Question 38

Secondary hemostasis is triggered when

Answer 38

vascular damage exposes tissue factor *necessitates the presence of clotting factors

Question 39

Defects in secondary hemostasis result from

Answer 39

clotting factor deficiencies or dysfunction

Question 40

People with _____ hemostasis have more serious bleeding

Answer 40

secondary

Question 41

Hemophillias

Answer 41

bleeding disorder inherited as an X-linked autosomal recessive trait

Question 42

Hemophilia A (% and clotting factor)

Answer 42

80%, clotting factor VIII

Question 43

Hemophilia B (% and clotting factor)

Answer 43

15%, clotting factor IX

Question 44

Concentrations of coagulation factors - normal mild moderate severe

Answer 44

normal 50-150% mild 6-30% moderate 1-5% severe < 1%

Question 45

Mild hemophilia (__%) what happens?

Answer 45

15 spontaneous bleeding is rare and joint and deep muscle bleeding are uncommon

Question 46

Moderate hemophilia (___%) what happens

Answer 46

15 spontaneous hemorrhage not usually a problem *major bleeding episodes can occur after minor trauma

Question 47

Severe hemophilia (__%) what happens

Answer 47

60 may bleed spontaneously or with slight trauma, particularly into joints and deep muscle