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Internal Med > Hematologic System > Flashcards

Hematologic System Flashcards

1
Q

Hematology

A

branch of science studies the form, structure and function of blood and blood-forming tissues

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2
Q

Hematologic system integrated with what systems?

A

immune and lymphatic

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3
Q

Function of hematologic system

A

deliver formed elements to tissues for cellular metabolism, defense against injury and invading microorganisms and acid-base balance

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4
Q

T/F: lymph nodes are part of the hematopoietic system

A

true

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5
Q

Signs and Symptoms of hematologic disease

A

edema
infarction (tissue necrosis)
thrombus
embolus
lymphedema
bleeding and bruising
shock
splenomegaly

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6
Q

thrombus vs embolus

A

thrombus is a solid mass of clotted blood and embolus is a clot that moves within a blood vessel to lodge at a site distant from its place of origin

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7
Q

Lymphedema

A

chronic swelling of an area from accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema)

swelling because fluid build-up

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8
Q

Bleeding and bruising occur from ____

A

trauma

normal response

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9
Q

When does shock occur?

A

when the circulatory system is unable to maintain adequate pressure in order to perfuse organs

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10
Q

Common clinical signs of shock

A

tachycardia, tachypnea, cool extremities, decreased pulses, decreased urine output, altered mental status

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11
Q

Lymph nodes are mobile or immobile? Small or large?

A

small and mobile, rubbery feel

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12
Q

What declines with age in the hematopoietic system?

A

the percentage of the marrow space occupied by hematopoietic (blood-forming) tissue declines progressively

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13
Q

T/F Blood composition changes drastically with age

A

F: changes little

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14
Q

Anemias are a state or symptom of many diseases that result in

A

a reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood (bc abnormality in the quantity or quality of RBC)

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15
Q

Anemia pathogenesis can be ______

A

multifactorial

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16
Q

Three main causes of Anemia

A

excessive blood loss (hemorrhage)

destruction of erythrocytes (hemolytic)

decreased production of erythrocytes

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17
Q

How is anemia classified?

A

morphology

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18
Q

What can cause excessive blood loss in PT setting?

A

slow and chronic GI blood loss from medication (aspirin or NSAIDs)

GI disorders

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19
Q

What causes an increased destruction of erythocytes?

A

congenital or acquired disorders

20
Q

*Decreased production of erthrocytes

A
  1. lack of erythropoietin
  2. inability of bone marrow to respond to erythropoietin and make RBC
  3. nutritional deficiency (iron, B12, folate)
  4. anemia of chronic disease
  5. chronic kidney disease
  6. bone marrow disorders
  7. radiation-induced bone marrow failure
21
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

hormone produced in the kidney that stimulates the production and maturation of RBC

22
Q

Signs and Symptoms associated with anemia are related to the _____ of anemia and the ______ over which the erythrocytes were lost

A

severity

amount of time

23
Q

Symptoms of Mild vs Moderate Anemia

A

mild - vague symptoms

moderate - cant supply body tissues, tachycardia (trying to compensate for low blood oxygen), dyspnea, weakness, fatigue, pallor

24
Q

koilonychia is a symptom of

A

moderate anemia

spoon nails

25
Q

more Clinical manifestations of moderate anemia

A

change in skin tone
*lack of exercise tolerance
dementia
neuropathies
pain or paresthesia
lack of locomotion
CNS - personality changes, dementia
liver and kidney damage
**cardiac ischemia - risk for heart attack

26
Q

Diagnosis of anemia uses

A

complete blood count (RBC) - % of blood volume composed of RBCs and other factors (hemoglobin)

reticulocyte count (amount of new RBCs)
STUDY TABLE CBC

27
Q

What is important to know as the PT with a patient with anemia?

A

know the underlying cause to recognize red flags and adjust the program or medical referal

28
Q

Anemic people have _____ exercise tolerance

A

decreased

29
Q

Hemostasis

A

arrest of bleeding after blood vessel injury using blood vessel wall, platelets and coagulation proteins

30
Q

Primary hemostasis

A

formation of a platelet plug at the site of the vascular injury

31
Q

Willebrand factor (VWF) and platelets are required in

A

primary hemostasis

32
Q

function of willebrand factor

A

mediates initial adhesion of platelets at bleeding injuries

binds and stabilizes blood clotting factor VIII

33
Q

defects in VWF can cause

A

bleeding

34
Q

defects in primary hemostasis (two condition names)

A

von Willebrand disease (dysfunction in VWF)

thrombocytopenia (decrease in platelets)

35
Q

Bleeding caused by platelet disorders or VWD is characterized by

A

easy bruising or mucosal bleeding

36
Q

Thrombocytopenia is a platelet blood count below

A

150,000

37
Q

Hemophilias is a defect of ____ hemostasis

A

secondary

38
Q

Secondary hemostasis is triggered when

A

vascular damage exposes tissue factor

*necessitates the presence of clotting factors

39
Q

Defects in secondary hemostasis result from

A

clotting factor deficiencies or dysfunction

40
Q

People with _____ hemostasis have more serious bleeding

A

secondary

41
Q

Hemophillias

A

bleeding disorder inherited as an X-linked autosomal recessive trait

42
Q

Hemophilia A (% and clotting factor)

A

80%, clotting factor VIII

43
Q

Hemophilia B (% and clotting factor)

A

15%, clotting factor IX

44
Q

Concentrations of coagulation factors - normal
mild
moderate
severe

A

normal 50-150%

mild 6-30%

moderate 1-5%

severe < 1%

45
Q

Mild hemophilia (__%) what happens?

A

15

spontaneous bleeding is rare and joint and deep muscle bleeding are uncommon

46
Q

Moderate hemophilia (___%) what happens

A

15

spontaneous hemorrhage not usually a problem

*major bleeding episodes can occur after minor trauma

47
Q

Severe hemophilia (__%) what happens

A

60

may bleed spontaneously or with slight trauma, particularly into joints and deep muscle

Internal Med (21 decks)

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