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Anatomy > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of anatomy systems in the respiratory system?

A

airway anatomy
lung anatomy

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2
Q

Which part of the respiratory system includes a conducting system with no gas exchange?

A

airway anatomy

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3
Q

Which part of the respiratory system includes a conducting system within the lungs and a lung parenchyma where gas exchange occurs?

A

lung anatomy

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4
Q

Which lung (right or left) is more involved in pneumonia aspiration?

A

right lung

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5
Q

What are the different parts of the upper respiratory tract (URT)?

A

-nasal cavity/oral cavity
-pharynx
-larynx

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6
Q

What are the different parts of the lower respiratory tract (LRT)?

A

-trachea
-bronchial tree to alveoli

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7
Q

What is the pattern of the tracheobronchial tree?

A
  1. trachea
  2. right and left main bronchi (R and L lungs)
  3. lobar bronchi (lobes of the lungs)
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8
Q

How much lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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9
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

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10
Q

What is the function of the trachealis muscle?

A
  1. contract - reduce diameter of trachea - more forceful coughing
  2. relax during swallowing - allow esophagus to expand for passage of bolus of food towards stomach
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11
Q

Where is the trachea located?

A

superior mediastinum

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12
Q

What level does the trachea bifurcate at?

A

the level of the transverse thoracic plane (or sternal angle)

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13
Q

What does the trachea bifurcate into?

A

main bronchi, one to each lung, passing inferolaterally to enter the lungs at the hila

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14
Q

Around what vertebral level does the trachea begin?

A

C6

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15
Q

At what cartilage does the trachea begin?

A

the cricoid cartilage

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16
Q

How many incomplete hyaline cartilaginous rings does the trachea have that open posteriorly?

A

18 to 20

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17
Q

What do the hyaline cartilaginous rings that the trachea has prevent?

A

prevents the trachea from collapsing during exhalation & allows it to stay up and down

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18
Q

What serves as an important landmark during bronchoscopy because it lies between the superior ends of the right and left main bronchi?

A

the carina

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19
Q

How is the carina usually positioned?

A

usually positioned slightly to the left of the median plane of the trachea

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20
Q

Why is it that when foreign bodies are aspirated, they usually enter the right main bronchus?

A

because it is wider and more vertically oriented than the left main bronchus

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21
Q

What are the names of the 3 lobes of the right lung?

A

-superior lobe
-middle lobe
-inferior lobe

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22
Q

What are the names of the 2 lobes of the left lung?

A

-superior lobe
-inferior lobe

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23
Q

What separates the superior and middle lobe from the inferior lobe of the right lung?

A

oblique fissure

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24
Q

What separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe of the right lung?

A

horizontal fissure

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25
Q

What separates the superior lobe from the inferior lobe of the left lung?

A

oblique fissure

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26
Q

What is thought to be a remnant of the middle lobe of the right lung and means “tongue”?

A

lingula

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27
Q

What lung is the lingula on?

A

the left lung

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28
Q

What landmark is where structures enter or exit the lung?

A

hilum of the lung

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29
Q

What structures enter/exit the lung at the hilum?

A

-bronchi
-pulmonary a. and v.
-bronchial a. and v.
-lymphatics
-nerves

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30
Q

What is a pedicle (3-dimensional structure) connecting the lungs with the mediastinum?

A

root of the lung

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31
Q

What do the lobar bronchi divide into?

A

segmental bronchi

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32
Q

What do the segmental bronchi divide into?

A

bronchopulmonary segments

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33
Q

What is the largest subdivisions of the lobes and has a distinct airway and arterial supply?

A

bronchopulmonary segments

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34
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there per lung?

A

10

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35
Q

What structures are included in the conducting zone of the lower respiratory tract?

A

-trachea
-bronchi
-all bronchioles that lack alveoli

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36
Q

What structures are included in the respiratory zone of the lower respiratory tract?

A

-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar sacs

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37
Q

How many successive bifurcations are there between the trachea and alveoli?

A

23

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38
Q

What do the alveolar sacs allow for?

A

gas exchange

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39
Q

What is a serous membrane forming a closed sac (pleural cavity)?

A

pleura

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40
Q

What invaginates the pleural sacs and become surrounded by a double layer of pleura?

A

developing lungs

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41
Q

What are the two layers of pleura around the lung?

A

parietal and visceral

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42
Q

The parietal and visceral layers of the lung are continuous at what?

A

root of the lung

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43
Q

The pleural cavity is a space filled with about how much pleural fluids?

A

about 15 mL (1 Tbsp)

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44
Q

What are the different parts of the parietal pleura?

A

-cervical pleura
-costal part
-diaphragmatic part
-mediastinal part

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45
Q

What are the right and left pulmonary cavities (pleural cavities) separated by?

A

middle mediastinum

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46
Q

What does the visceral pleura adhere to?

A

the lungs

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47
Q

What does the parietal pleura adhere to?

A

the body wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm

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48
Q

What separates the lungs from surrounding structures in the thorax?

A

pleural cavity with constant volume of pleural fluid

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49
Q

Expansion of the thoracic cavity (chest wall, diaphragm, and adherent parietal pleura) will be transferred directly to?

A

the lungs

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50
Q

What “keeps the diaphragm alive”?

A

(phrenic n.)

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51
Q

What are the two types of movement in the transverse dimension for an increase in thoracic cavity volume?

A

-pump handle movement
-bucket handle movement

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52
Q

What happens in the pump handle movement of the thoracic cavity?

A

elevates the upper ribs
increases AP diameter

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53
Q

What happens in the bucket handle movement of the thoracic cavity?

A

elevates lower ribs
increases lateral diameter

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54
Q

What muscles are involved in quiet breathing inspiration/inhalation?

A

external intercostal muscles and interchondral part of the internal intercostal muscles

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55
Q

What are the functions of the external intercostal muscles (and interchondral part of internal intercostal muscles)?

A

-draw ribs up, increase thoracic transverse diameter
-supports intercostal space (resists interchondral retraction with inhalation)

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56
Q

What is the sequence of events in quiet breathing inspiration/inhalation?

A
  1. inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends, rib cage rises)
  2. thoracic cavity volume increases
  3. lungs stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases
  4. intrapulmonary pressure drops
  5. air (gases) flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure)
57
Q

What prevents total collapse of the lung during exhalation?

A

elastic recoil of the chest wall (passive)

58
Q

What is the sequence of events in quiet breathing expiration/exhalation?

A
  1. inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises; rib cage descends due to gravity)
  2. thoracic cavity volume decreases
  3. elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases
  4. intrapulmonary pressure rises
  5. air (gases) flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
59
Q

What type of mechanism is quiet breathing expiration/exhalation?

A

passive mechanism (muscle relaxation)

60
Q

What occurs in active breathing inspiration/inhalation?

A
  1. enhance engagement of primary respiratory muscles
  2. recruitment of accessory inspiratory muscles to raise clavicle, sternum, and upper ribs
61
Q

What does the sternocleidomastoid do in active inspiration/inhalation?

A

elevates sternum

62
Q

What does the scalenes muscle do in active inspiration/inhalation?

A

fix or elevate ribs 1-2

63
Q

What does the pectoralis minor muscle do in active inspiration/inhalation?

A

elevates ribs 3-5

64
Q

What do the internal intercostal muscles (interchondral part) do in active inspiration/inhalation?

A

aid in elevating ribs

65
Q

What does the diaphragm do in active inspiration/inhalation?

A

descends and increases depth of thoracic cavity

66
Q

What muscles are involves in active or forced exhalation/expiration?

A

-internal intercostals (interosseous part)
-diaphragm
-rectus abdominis
-external abdominal oblique

67
Q

What does the internal intercostal muscles (interosseous part) do in active/forced expiration/exhalation?

A

depresses ribs 1-11; narrow thoracic cavity

68
Q

What does the diaphragm do in active/forced expiration/exhalation?

A

ascends and reduces depth of thoracic cavity

69
Q

What do the rectus abdominis muscles and external abdominal oblique muscles do in active/forced expiration/exhalation?

A

depresses lower ribs; pushes diaphragm upward by compressing abdominal organs

70
Q

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

A

-sternocleidomastoid
-scalenes group
-pectoralis minor

71
Q

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration innervated by?

A

accessory nerve
cervical spinal nerves

72
Q

What are the principal muscles of inspiration?

A

-external intercostals
-interchondral part of internal intercostals
-diaphragm

73
Q

What are the principal muscles of inspiration innervated by?

A

intercostal nerves (T1-T11)
phrenic nerve

74
Q

What is involved in quiet breathing expiration?

A

results from passive, elastic recoil of the lungs, rib cage, and diaphragm

75
Q

What are the muscles of expiration of active breathing?

A

-internal intercostals except interchondral part
-abdominals
-quadratus lumborum

76
Q

What are the muscles of expiration in active breathing innervated by?

A

intercostal nerves (T1-T11)
thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

77
Q

What is the superior attachment of the external intercostal m, internal intercostal m, and innermost intercostal m.?

A

inferior border of the rib above

78
Q

What is the inferior attachment of the external intercostal m, internal intercostal m, and innermost intercostal m.?

A

superior border of the rib below

79
Q

What is the action of the external intercostal muscles?

A

elevates the rib below

80
Q

What is the action of the internal intercostal and innermost intercostal muscles?

A

depresses the rib above

81
Q

What is the innervation of the external intercostal m, internal intercostal m, and innermost intercostal m.?

A

intercostal nerves

82
Q

What occurs in the alveoli and pulmonary capillary bed?

A

gas exchange

83
Q

Which circulation provides O2 and nutrients to cells and removes metabolic waste?

A

systemic circulation

84
Q

Which circulation allows for gas exchange?

A

pulmonary circulation

85
Q

In pulmonary circulation, O2 poor blood from the right side of the heart travels to the pulmonary trunk and aa to the lungs for what?

A

gas exchange

86
Q

Oxygen travel _______ toward alveoli (intrasegmental)

A

with airway

87
Q

Where happens in the pulmonary capillary bed?

A

gas exchange

88
Q

What travels out of the lungs between the bronchopulmonary segments to the left side of the heart?

A

pulmonary veins

89
Q

What level oxygen is found in bronchial arterioles?

A

high

90
Q

What level oxygen is found in pulmonary venules?

A

high

91
Q

What level oxygen is found in pulmonary arterioles?

A

low

92
Q

Bronchial aa. branch off?

A

aorta

93
Q

Bronchial vv drain into?

A

azygos venous system

94
Q

Bronchial circulation supplies ________ tissues of airway

A

non-gas exchanging (non-aveolar)

95
Q

What is bronchial circulation part of?

A

systemic circulation

96
Q

The source of pulmonary circulation is what?

A

right ventricle

97
Q

What % cardiac output and pressure does pulmonary circulation have?

A

100% cardiac output
low pressure

98
Q

What oxygen levels do arteries and veins have in pulmonary circulation?

A

arteries: low
veins: high

99
Q

What does pulmonary circulation supply?

A

alveolar structures

100
Q

What is the source of bronchial circulation?

A

aorta

101
Q

What is the cardiac output and pressure in bronchial circulation?

A

1-2% cardiac output
high pressure

102
Q

What oxygen level do arteries and veins have in bronchial circulary?

A

arteries: high
veins: low

103
Q

What does bronchial circulation supply?

A

bronchi to bronchioles

104
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of both the lungs?

A
  1. pulmonary (intrapulmonary)
  2. bronchopulmonary (hilar) at the hilum
  3. tracheobronchial nodes at the tracheal bifurcation
  4. paratracheal nodes
105
Q

Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and motor fibers all innervate the ?

A

lungs

106
Q

What are the different sympathetics that innervate the lungs?

A

-postganglionics from upper thoracic and cervical ganglia
-preganglionics from upper thoracic lateral horn
-sympathetic pulmonary nn through pulmonary plexus

107
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the lungs?

A

vagus n

108
Q

In the smooth muscle of the bronchial tree, GVE sympathetic fibers do what?

A

bronchodilation (reduce airway resistance)

109
Q

In the smooth muscle of the bronchial tree, GVE parasympathetic fibers do what?

A

bronchoconstriction

110
Q

In the glands of the bronchial tree, GVE sympathetic fibers do what?

A

inhibits secretion

111
Q

In the glands of the bronchial tree, GVE parasympathetic fibers do what?

A

secretomotor

112
Q

Local factors at alveoli have a _________ effect on pulmonary vascular tone

A

more potent

113
Q

In vascular smooth muscle, GVE sympathetic fibers do what>

A

vasoconstriction

114
Q

In vascular smooth muscle, GVE parasympathetic fibers do what?

A

vasodilation

115
Q

What provides sensory innervation of the lungs?

A

GVA fibers

116
Q

All GVA fibers travel to the brainstem with what?

A

vagus n

117
Q

What is the motor response in the lungs of GVA fibers?

A

coughing

118
Q

What is the parietal pleura innervated by?

A

adjacent spinal nerves

119
Q

What is the parietal pleura very responsive to?

A

painful stimuli

120
Q

What is generally considered to be insensitive to pain?

A

visceral pleura

121
Q

Intercostal and phrenic nerves are what type of fibers for pain?

A

GVA

122
Q

The parietal pleura is innervated by what nerves?

A

phrenic and intercostal

123
Q

What is the visceral pleura innervated by?

A

autonomic nn

124
Q

The phrenic nerve refers pain for?

A

mediastinal pleura

125
Q

Reflections of parietal pleura form recesses where there is?

A

no intervening lung tissure so there are no lung sounds and may have liquid

126
Q

The inferior margin of the lung is how many ribs higher than the parietal pleura?

A

2

127
Q

What is the midclavicular, midaxillary, and paravertebral lines of the inferior margin of the lung?

A

midclavicular: 6th rib
midaxillary: 8th rib
paravertebral: 10th TV

128
Q

What is the midclavicular, midaxillary, and paravertebral lines of the inferior margin of the pleural cavity?

A

midclavicular: 8th rib
midaxillary: 10th rib
paravertebral: 12th rib

129
Q

In the right lung, where does the horizontal fissure course from?

A

4th rib (parasternal) to 5th rib (midaxillary)

130
Q

Where does the oblique fissure course from?

A

from the 6th rib (midclavicular) to T3 spinous process

131
Q

Where do a lot of cases of spontaneous pneumothorax occur?

A

cupula

132
Q

Where can you find the cupula, or apex of the lung?

A

1 fb above medial 1/3 of clavicle

133
Q

What is at risk in stab wounds to base of the neck?

A

cupula

134
Q

What will be the main increase in vertical diameter of the thorax?

A

diaphragm

135
Q

What nerve keeps the diaphragm alive?

A

phrenic nerve

136
Q

What is the primary muscle of inspiration?

A

diaphragm

137
Q

Inspiration is what type of process?

A

active

138
Q

In thoracentesis, do you go above or below the ribs?

A

above the ribs

Anatomy (25 decks)

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