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Anatomy > Anterolateral Abdominal Wall, Inguinal Region and Peritoneum > Flashcards

Anterolateral Abdominal Wall, Inguinal Region and Peritoneum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the space bounded by the abdominal walls, diaphragm, and pelvis?

A

abdominal cavity

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2
Q

What does the abdominal cavity form the major part of?

A

abdominopelvic cavity

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3
Q

What is enclosed anterolaterally by dynamic musculo-aponeurotic abdominal walls?

A

abdominal cavity

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4
Q

What is separated superiorly from the thoracic cavity and posteriorly from the posterior thoracic vertebrae by the diaphragm?

A

abdominal cavity

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5
Q

What is under the thoracic cage superiorly extending to the 4th intercostal space?

A

abdominal cavity

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6
Q

What is continuous inferiorly with the pelvic cavity and is lined with peritoneum (a serous membrane)?

A

abdominal cavity

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7
Q

Where is the location of most of the digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, and ureters for most of their course?

A

abdominal cavity

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8
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?

A
  • right upper quadrant
  • right lower quadrant
  • left upper quadrant
  • left lower quadrant
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9
Q

What are the 9 abdominal regions?

A
  • right hypochondriac
  • epigastric
  • left hypochondriac
  • right lateral
  • umbilical
  • left lateral
  • right inguinal
  • pubic
  • left inguinal
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10
Q

Where is the subcostal plane found in relation to the costal cartilages?

A

10th costal cartilage

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11
Q

What regions are found in the subcostal plane of the abdomen?

A
  • epigastric (E)
  • umbilical (U)
  • pubic (P)
  • hypochondriac (H)
  • lumbar (L)
  • inguinal (I)
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12
Q

Where can you find the transtubercular plane?

A

between the iliac tubercles and L5 vertebra

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13
Q

Where can you find the transumbilical plane?

A

around the umbilicus and IVD L3-L4

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14
Q

Where are these organs found?
- liver (right lobe)
- gallbladder
- stomach (pylorus)
- duodenum
- ascending colon (superior part)
- transverse colon (right half)
- pancreas (head)
- right suprarenal gland
- right colic flexure
- right kidney

A

right upper quandrant

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15
Q

Where are these organs found?
- liver (left lobe)
- spleen
- stomach
- jejunum and proximal ileum
- pancreas (body and tail)
- left kidney
- left suprarenal gland
- left colic flexure
- transverse colon (left half)
- descending colon (superior part)

A

left upper quadrant

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16
Q

Where are these organs found?
- cecum
- appendix
- most of the ileum
- ascending colon (inferior part)
- right ovary
- right uterine tube
- right ureter (abdominal part)
- right spermatic cord (abdominal part)
- uterus (if enlarged)
- urinary bladder (if very full)

A

right lower quadrant

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17
Q

Where are these organs found?
- sigmoid colon
- descending colon (inferior part)
- left ovary
- left uterine tube
- left ureter (abdominal part)
- left spermatic cord (abdominal part)
- uterus (if enlarged)
- urinary bladder (if very full)

A

left lower quadrant

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18
Q

Thoraco-abdominal nerves run from what levels?

A

T7-T11 + T12 (subcostal)

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19
Q

What vertebral level dermatome supplied the nipple?

A

T4

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20
Q

What vertebral level dermatome supplied the xiphoid process?

A

T7

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21
Q

What vertebral level dermatome supplied the umbilicus?

A

T10

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22
Q

What vertebral level dermatome supplied the groin/inguinal region?

A

L1

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23
Q

The dermatomes of major landmarks follows what rule?

A

the rule of “3”

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24
Q

What supplies sensory innervation to the skin on the anterior surface of the external genitalia and medial surface of the thigh after providing motor innervation to the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

ilioinguinal nerve (L1)

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25
Q

What are the two layers of fascia of the abdominal wall?

A
  • superficial fascia - fatty layer (Camper’s fascia)
  • superficial fascia - membranous layer (Scarpa’s fascia)
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26
Q

What are the layers of the thorax from superficial to deep?

A
  • skin/integument
  • superficial fascia
  • deep fascia
  • muscle/bone
  • endothoracic fascia
  • cavity (serous sac and membranes)
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27
Q

What are the layers of the abdominal cavity from superficial to deep?

A
  • skin/integument
  • superficial fascia
    **fatty: Camper’s fascia
    **membranous: Scarpa’s fascia
  • deep fascia (invests muscles)
  • musculotendinous
  • transversalis fascia (endoabdominal fascia)
  • cavity (serous sac and membranes)
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28
Q

What is Scarpa’s fascia only present between?

A

the umbilicus and inguinal region

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29
Q

What is the name for the parietal fascia of the thorax?

A

endothoracic fascia

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30
Q

What is the name for the parietal fascia of the abdomen?

A

endoabdominal fascia (transversalis fascia deep to the transversus abdominis muscles)

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31
Q

What is this describing:
- superficial thigh fascia
- pubis and perineum superficial perineal fascia

A

Fatty: Camper’s fascia

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32
Q

What is this describing:
- fascia lata distal to inguinal region
- fuses linea alba and public symphysis

A

Membranous: Scarpa’s fascia

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33
Q

What covers the abdominal muscles and spermatic cord?

A

deep fascia of the abdomen

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34
Q

What creates a “gutter” for the spermatic cord?

A

aponeurosis of the external oblique muscles

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35
Q

What are the 2 flat muscles that make up the anterolateral abdominal muscles?

A
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • transversus abdominis
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36
Q

What are the actions of the anterolateral abdominal muscles?

A

lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column; compression of abdominal content

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37
Q

What contributes to the anterior layer of the rectus sheath?

A

aponeurosis of external oblique

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38
Q

What contributes to the anterior and posterior layers of the rectus sheath?

A

aponeurosis of internal oblique

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39
Q

What contributes to the posterior layer of the rectus sheath?

A

aponeurosis of transversus abdominis

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40
Q

The external oblique muscle originates on what?

A

5th - 12th ribs

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41
Q

What does the external oblique muscle attach to?

A
  • linea alba
  • iliac crest
  • pubic tubercle
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42
Q

What does the internal oblique muscle originate on?

A
  • thoracolumbar fascia
  • iliac crest
  • CT-deep to inguinal ligament
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43
Q

What does the internal oblique muscle attach to?

A
  • 10th-12th ribs
  • linea alba
  • conjoint tendon
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44
Q

What is the origination of the transverus abdominis?

A
  • 7th-12th costal cartilage
  • thoracolumbar fascia
  • iliac crest
  • CT-deep to inguinal ligament
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45
Q

What does the transversus abdominis muscle attach to?

A
  • linea alba
  • pubic crest (conjoint tendon)
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46
Q

What are the two vertical muscles in the anterolateral body wall?

A

rectus abdominis

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47
Q

What does the rectus abdominal muscle original on?

A

pubic symphysis and crest

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48
Q

What does the rectus abdominis muscle attach to?

A

xyphoid cartilage

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49
Q

What are the actions of the rectus abdominis?

A
  • flex torso
  • rotate torso
  • compress and support viscera
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50
Q

What is the innervation of the external oblique muscle?

A

thoraco-abdominal and subcostal nerves (T7-T12)

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51
Q

What is the innervation of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis?

A
  • thoraco-abdominal (T7-T11)
  • subcostal and first lumbar nerve
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52
Q

What is the innervation of the rectus abdominis muscle?

A

thoraco-abdominal and subcostal nerves (T7-T12)

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53
Q

What are the actions of the external and internal oblique muscles?

A
  • compresses and supports abdominal viscera
  • flex and rotate trunk
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54
Q

What are the actions of the transversus abdominis muscle?

A

compresses and supports abdominal viscera

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55
Q

What are the actions of the rectus abdominis muscle?

A
  • flexes trunk
  • compresses abdominal viscera
  • stabilizes and controls tilt of pelvis
56
Q

What are the functions of the anterior abdominal wall?

A
  • protection of abdominal organs
  • postural support
  • childbirth
  • defecation and urination
  • breathing
  • coughing and singing
57
Q

What forms a strong, expandable support for the abdominal region?

A

the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall

58
Q

What protects the abdominal viscera from injury?

A

the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall

59
Q

What compresses the abdominal viscera to maintain or increase intra-abdominal pressure?

A

the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall

60
Q

What does compressing the abdominal viscera and increasing intra-abdominal pressure do?

A
  • elevates the relaxed diaphragm to expel air (respiration, coughing, voluntary burping)
61
Q

What produces the force required for defecation, micturition, vomiting, and parturition?

A

the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall

62
Q

What produces anterior and lateral flexion and rotation of the trunk and help maintain posture?

A

the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall

63
Q

What is the most inferior part of the external oblique aponeurosis?

A

inguinal ligament

64
Q

What is the thickened inferior margin of the transversalis fascia?

A

iliopubic tract

65
Q

The inguinal ligament and iliopubic tract extend from what?

A

anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle

66
Q

Most of the fibers of the inguinal ligament insert into the pubic tubercle, but some fibers:

A
  1. attach to superior ramus of the pubis lateral to the pubic tubercle as the lacunar ligament & continue to run along the pectin pubis as the pectineal ligament
  2. arch superiorly to blend with the contralateral external oblique aponeurosis as the reflected inguinal ligament
67
Q

The internal oblique aponeurosis superior to T10 has how many layers?

A

2 layers
- anterior sheath
- posterior sheath

68
Q

Inferior to T10, what is missing posterior to the rectus abdominis muscle?

A

no rectus sheath posterior

69
Q

Inferior to T10, what is in direct contact with the transversalis fascia since there is no aponeurosis on the posterior aspect of the rectus abdominis muscle?

A

rectus abdominis muscles

70
Q

What is an area of demarcation visible from the peritoneal surface of the abdominal wall residing one-third the distance between the umbilicus and the pubis?

A

arcuate line

71
Q

What is a good landmark to see the epigastric muscles?

A

arcuate line

72
Q

What are the borders of the Hesselbach’s triangle?

A
  • lateral border of rectus abdominis muscle (medial)
  • inferior epigastric vessels (lateral)
  • inguinal ligament (inferior)
73
Q

What type of hernia goes through the deep inguinal ring?

A

indirect hernia

74
Q

What type of hernia goes through hesselbach’s triangle?

A

direct hernia

75
Q

What arteries branch off the internal thoracic artery?

A
  • superior epigastric a
  • musculophrenic a
76
Q

What arteries branch off the aorta?

A
  • intercostal (posterior)
  • subcostal aa
77
Q

What branches off the external iliac a?

A
  • femoral a
  • inferior epigastric a
78
Q

What branches off the femoral a?

A

superficial epigastric a

79
Q

What supplies the superior abdominal wall?

A

internal thoracic a

80
Q

What supplies the middle abdominal wall?

A

aorta

81
Q

What supplies the inferior abdominal wall?

A

external iliac a

82
Q

If something gets blocked in the venous system, what can provide flow into the axillary vein?

A

thoraco-epigastric vein

83
Q

What are the superficial veins of the abdominal wall?

A
  • axillary v
  • thoraco-epigastric v
  • superficial epigastric v
  • femoral v
84
Q

What provides a potential collateral pathway for blood normally draining via the IVC to return to the heart via the SVC when the IVC is blocked?

A

a venous anastomosis between the superficial epigastric vein and the thoraco-epigastric vein

85
Q

What do the superficial lymphatic vessels of the abdominal wall accompany?

A

the subcutaneous veins

86
Q

Superficial lymphatic vessels superior to the umbilicus drain mainly into what?

A

axillary lymph nodes

87
Q

What are the different lymphatics of the abdominal wall?

A
  • transumbilical plan
  • scrotum
  • testis
88
Q

What does the inguinal ligament run from?

A

from ASIS to pubic tubercle

89
Q

What is the relationship between the inguinal canal and the gonads?

A

indirect hernias

90
Q

What is a passage in the lower anterior abdominal wall located just above the inguinal ligament?

A

inguinal canal

91
Q

What functions as a passageway for structures between the intra and extra-abdominal structures?

A

inguinal canal

92
Q

What transmits the spermatic cord, gonadal vessels, and lymphatics in males?

A

inguinal canal

93
Q

Usually indirect hernias are _________ related

A

gestationally

94
Q

What is 2MALTS related to?

A

boundaries of the inguinal canal

95
Q

What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal?

A
  • superior/roof
    ** internal abdominal oblique
    ** transversus abdominis
  • anterior
    ** external abdominal oblique aponeurosis
    ** internal abdominal oblique aponeurosis
  • inferior/floor
    ** inguinal ligament
    ** lacunar ligament
  • posterior
    ** transversalis fascia
    ** conjoint tendon
96
Q

What overlies the superficial inguinal ring in the anterior wall of the abdomen?

A

conjoint tendon

97
Q

What is the inferior border of the inguinal ligament?

A
  • femoral a., v., n.
  • lymphs
98
Q

What is the superior border of the inguinal ligament?

A
  • spermatic cord/round ligament of uterus
99
Q

What are the layers of the spermatic cord?

A
  1. internal spermatic fascia (transversalis fascia)
  2. internal oblique and transversus abdominis (arcades)
  3. cremasteric m. and fascia (IO)
  4. external spermatic fascia (EO)
100
Q

What has no contribution to the spermatic cord?

A

transversus abdominis muscle

101
Q

What percent of all hernias are inguinal hernias?

A

75%

102
Q

Of the inguinal hernias, how many are direct and how many are indirect?

A

25% are direct
50% are indirect

103
Q

Direct hernias are due to what?

A

a defect in the abdominal wall (acquired)

104
Q

Indirect hernias are usually what?

A

congenital

105
Q

Inguinal hernias are rarely found where?

A

in the scrotum

106
Q

Both direct and indirect hernias are more common in who?

A

males

107
Q

What are predisposing factors of direct hernias?

A
  • weak abdominal wall
  • over 40 year old males
108
Q

What is the frequency of direct hernias?

A

less common

109
Q

What are the coverings at exit from abdominal cavities of the direct hernias?

A

peritoneum and F. transversalis

110
Q

What is the course of direct hernias?

A

travels medial 1/3 of inguinal canal

111
Q

Where do direct hernias exit from the anterior abdominal wall?

A
  • superficial ring
  • lateral to spermatic cord
  • rarely enters scrotum
112
Q

What is related to persistent processus vaginalis?

A

indirect hernias

113
Q

What are the predisposing factors for indirect hernias?

A
  • patent processus vaginalis
  • younger male
114
Q

What is the frequency of indirect hernias?

A

more common

115
Q

What are the coverings at exit form the abdominal cavity for indirect hernias?

A

peritoneum + 3-fascial coverings of SC

116
Q

What is the course of indirect hernias?

A

traverse entire inguinal canal

117
Q

Where do indirect hernias exit from the anterior abdominal wall?

A
  • superficial ring
  • within spermatic cord
  • commonly into scrotum/labia majus
118
Q

What type of hernias happen in the upper abdomen at the midline?

A

epigastric

119
Q

What type of hernias occur at the site of previous surgical incision?

A

incisional

120
Q

What type of hernias occur at the navel?

A

umbilical

121
Q

What type of hernias occur in the femoral canal?

A

femoral

122
Q

What type of hernias occur near the opening of the inguinal canal?

A

direct inguinal

123
Q

What type of hernias occur at the opening of the inguinal canal?

A

indirect inguinal

124
Q

What are the subdivisions of the GIT?

A
  • foregut
  • midgut
  • hindgut
125
Q

What does the foregut give rise to?

A
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • cranial 1/3 of duodenum
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • gallbladder
126
Q

What develops independently in the GIT?

A

spleen

127
Q

What is the blood supply of the foregut?

A

celiac artery (celiac trunk)

128
Q

What does the midgut extend from?

A

1/3 the way along duodenum to about 2/3 the way across transverse colon

129
Q

What does the midgut give rise to?

A
  • caudal 2/3 of duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
  • cecum
  • appendix
  • ascending colon
  • cranial 2/3 of transverse colon
130
Q

What is the blood supply to the midgut?

A

superior mesenteric artery

131
Q

What does the hindgut extend from?

A

2/3 the way across transverse colon to cloacal membrane (partition separating the endo derived cranial 1/2 of anal canal from ecto derived 1/2 of anal canal)

132
Q

What does the hindgut give rise to?

A
  • 1/3 transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum
  • cranial 1/2 of anal canal
133
Q

What is the blood supply to the hindgut?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

134
Q

What lines the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall?

A

parietal peritoneum

135
Q

What invests viscera (organs) such as the spleen and stomach?

A

visceral peritoneum

136
Q

What is the double layer of parietal peritoneum?

A

mesentery

137
Q

What is the double layer of parietal peritoneum between organs?

A

omentum

Anatomy (25 decks)

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