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Anatomy > Forearm > Flashcards

Forearm Flashcards

1
Q

What compartments is the forearm divided into?

A

Anterior and posterior compartment

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2
Q

What splits the forearm into the anterior and posterior compartments and joins the radius and the ulna?

A

interosseus membrane

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3
Q

What does the anterior compartment of the forearm contain?

A

flexor muscles

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4
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior forearm innervated by?

A

median and ulnar nerves

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5
Q

What does the posterior compartment of the forearm contain?

A

extensor muscles

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6
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior forearm innervated by?

A

radial nerve

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7
Q

What is the role of the forearm movement?

A

assist the shoulder in the application of force and in controlling the placement of the hand in space

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8
Q

The anterior compartment actions are what?

A

flexion and pronation

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9
Q

What posterior compartment actions are what?

A

extension and supination

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10
Q

What is the fibrous tissue with an oblique orientation from the radius to the ulna?

A

Interosseus membrane

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11
Q

What maintains the interosseus space between the radius and ulna through forearm rotation and actively transfers forces from the radius to the ulna?

A

interosseus membrane

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12
Q

What helps the interosseus membrane hold the radius and ulna together, particularly when upward thrusts are transmitted through the wrist (during a fall on the hand)

A

pronator quadratus

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13
Q

What keeps the radius and ulna together?

A

interosseus membrane and pronator quadratus

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14
Q

What are the common attachments (origins) of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

medial epicondyle of the humerus (superficial and intermediate; only 5 muscles)

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15
Q

What is the common innervation of the anterior forearm compartment?

A

median nerve with some contribution from the ulnar nerve

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16
Q

What muscle(s) in the forearm are innervated by the ulnar nerve?

A

1/2 flexor carpi ulnaris
flexor digitorum profundus

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17
Q

What is the common action of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

flexion

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18
Q

What the the 3 groups that the anterior forearm compartment divided into?

A
  1. superficial
  2. intermediate
  3. deep
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19
Q

What do the 5 superficial and intermediate muscles cross that the 3 deep muscles do not?

A

elbow joint

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20
Q

What muscles are included in the superficial layer of the anterior forearm compartment?

A
  1. pronator teres
  2. flexor carpi radialis
  3. palmaris longus
  4. flexor carpi ulnaris
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21
Q

The 4 superficial anterior forearm muscles are all attached proximally by a _______________ to the medial epicondyle of the humerus, the ____________

A

common flexor tendon
common flexor origin

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22
Q

What is the origin of the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, and palmaris longus?

A

medial epicondyle of the humerus

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23
Q

What is the origin of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

humeral head- medial epicondyle
ulnar head- olecranon and posterior border of ulna

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24
Q

What does the pronator teres insert onto?

A

middle lateral surface of the radius

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25
Q

What does the flexor carpi radialis insert onto?

A

Base of the metacarpals 2 and 3

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26
Q

What does the palmaris longus muscle insert onto?

A

distal 1/2 of flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis

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27
Q

What does the flexor carpi ulnaris insert onto?

A

pisiform bone, hook of hamate, and base of metacarpal 5

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28
Q

What is the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, and palmaris longus muscles innervated by?

A

median nerve

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29
Q

What is the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle innervated by?

A

ulnar nerve

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30
Q

What are the actions of the pronator teres muscle?

A

forearm pronation and flexion

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31
Q

What are the actions of the flexor carpi radialis muscle?

A

flexes hand at wrist and assists in wrist abduction

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32
Q

What are the actions of the palmaris longus muscle?

A

flexes hand and tenses palmar fascia

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33
Q

What are the actions of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle?

A

flexes hand at wrist and assists in wrist adduction

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34
Q

What is the blood supply of the pronator teres muscle?

A

anterior ulnar recurrent artery

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35
Q

What is the blood supply of the flexor carpi radialis muscle?

A

radial artery

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36
Q

What is the blood supply of the palmaris longus and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles ?

A

posterior ulnar recurrent artery

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37
Q

What is the only muscle included in the intermediate layer of the anterior forearm compartment?

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

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38
Q

What is the origin of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle?

A

humeral head: medial epicondyle
ulnar head: coronoid process
radial head: anterior border of radius

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39
Q

What does the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle insert onto?

A

bodies of the middle phalanges of digits 2-5

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40
Q

What is the innervation of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle?

A

median nerve

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41
Q

What are the actions of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle?

A

flexes middle and proximal phalanges of digits 2-5
assists in hand flexion

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42
Q

What is the blood supply of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

ulnar and radial arteries

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43
Q

What are the 3 muscles included in the deep layer of the anterior forearm compartment?

A

flexor digitorum profundus
flexor pollicis longus
pronator quadratus

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44
Q

What nerve travels right on top of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle?

A

median nerve

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45
Q

What is the origin of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle?

A

proximal 3 quarters of medial and anterior surfaces of ulna and interosseus membrane

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46
Q

What is the origin of the flexor pollicis longus muscle?

A

anterior surface of radius and interosseus membrane

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47
Q

What is the origin of the pronator quadratus muscle?

A

distal quarter of the anterior surface of ulna

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48
Q

What does the flexor digitorum profundus insert onto?

A

bases of distal phalanges 2-5

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49
Q

What does the flexor pollicis longus muscle insert onto?

A

base of distal phalanx of thumb

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50
Q

What does the pronator quadratus muscle insert onto?

A

distal quarter of anterior surface of radius

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51
Q

What is the innervation of the flexor carpi profundus muscle?

A

digits 2 and 3: median nerve
digits 4 and 5: ulnar nerve

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52
Q

What is the innervation of the flexor pollicis longus muscle?

A

anterior interosseus nerve from median nerve

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53
Q

What are the actions of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle?

A

-flexes wrist joint and carpometacarpal (CMC) joints
-flexes distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of digits 2-5
-assists with wrist flexion

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54
Q

What are the actions of the flexor pollicis longus muscle?

A

-flexes wrist joint and CMC joints
-flexes metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and interphalangeal joints of thumb

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55
Q

What are the actions of the pronator quadratus muscle?

A

pronates forearm

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56
Q

What muscle flexes the fingers in slow action?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus

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57
Q

What muscle reinforces the slow action of finger flexion when speed and flexion against resistance are required?

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

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58
Q

What are the long flexors of the digits?

A

flexor digitorum superficialis
flexor digitorum profundus

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59
Q

When the wrist is flexed, the contraction of the digits into the flexed position is ______. why?

A

weaker; the FDS and FDP are operating over a shortened distance between attachments

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60
Q

When the wrist is extended, the contraction of the digits into the flexed position is ______. Why?

A

stronger (strong grip); the FDS and FDP has a longer operating distance when the wrist is extended

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61
Q

What muscle is in the posterior compartment of the forearm but is the exception to the rule that the forearm flexor muscles are innervated by the median n.?

A

brachioradialis

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62
Q

What muscle is a relatively weak elbow flexor but is strongest when the forearm is in mid-pronated position?

A

brachioradialis

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63
Q

What muscle is important in arm wrestling?

A

brachioradialis

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64
Q

What are the common attachments (origins) of the posterior forearm muscles?

A

lateral epicondyle of the humerus

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65
Q

What is the common innervation of the posterior forearm muscles?

A

radial nerve

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66
Q

What is the common action of the posterior forearm muscles?

A

extension

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67
Q

What are the 2 groups that the posterior compartment of the forearm is divided into?

A

superficial
deep

68
Q

What are the 3 functional groups of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  1. muscles that extend and abduct/adduct the hand at the wrist joint
  2. muscles that extend the medial 4 digits
  3. muscles that extend or abduct the thumb
69
Q

What muscles are in the functional group of muscles that extend/abduct/adduct the hand at the wrist joint?

A

extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor carpi ulnaris

70
Q

What muscles are in the functional group of muscles that extend the medial 4 digits?

A

extensor digitorum
extensor indicis
extensor digiti minimi

71
Q

What muscles are in the functional group of muscles that extend or abduct the thumb?

A

abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus

72
Q

What are the extensor tendons in the posterior forearm compartment held in place in the wrist region by?

A

extensor retinaculum

73
Q

What does the extensor retinaculum do?

A

prevents bowstringing of the tendons when the hand is extended at the wrist joint

74
Q

What reduces friction for the extensor tendons as they traverse the osseofibrous tunnels formed by the attachment of the extensor retinaculum to the distal radius and ulna?

A

synovial tendon sheaths

75
Q

What are the superficial layers of the posterior forearm compartment?

A

-brachioradialis
-extensor carpi radialis longus
-extensor carpi radialis brevis
-extensor digitorum
-extensor digiti minimi
-extensor carpi ulnaris

76
Q

The superficial extensors (ECRB, extensor digitorum, EDM, and ECU) are attached proximally by a _____________ to the lateral epicondyle?

A

common extensor tendon

77
Q

What is the origin of the brachioradialis muscle?

A

proximal 2/3 of lateral supra-epicondylar ridge of the humerus

78
Q

What is the origin of the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle?

A

lateral supra-epicondylar ridge of the humerus

79
Q

What is the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle?

A

lateral epicondyle of the humerus

80
Q

What does the brachioradialis insert onto?

A

lateral surface of distal end of radius proximal to styloid process

81
Q

What does the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle insert onto?

A

dorsal aspect of base of 2nd metacarpal

82
Q

What does the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle insert onto?

A

dorsal aspect of base of 3rd metacarpal

83
Q

What innervates the brachioradialis muscle?

A

radial nerve (C5, C6, C7)

84
Q

What innervates the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle?

A

radial nerve (C6,C7)

85
Q

What is the extensor carpi radialis brevis innervated by?

A

deep branch of the radial nerve

86
Q

What are the actions of the brachioradialis muscle?

A

relatively weak elbow flexion; maximal when forearm is in midpronated position

87
Q

What are the actions of the extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle?

A

Extends and abducts wrist joint
extends carpometacarpal (CMC) joints

88
Q

What muscle is active during fist clenching?

A

extensor carpi radialis brevis

89
Q

What is the origin of the extensor digitorum and extensor digiti minimi muscles?

A

lateral epicondyle of the humerus

90
Q

What is the origin of the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle?

A

lateral epicondyle; posterior border of ulna, shared aponeurosis

91
Q

What does the extensor digitorum muscle insert onto?

A

extensor expansions of medial 4 digits

92
Q

What does the extensor digiti minimi insert onto?

A

extensor expansion of digit 5

93
Q

What does the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle insert onto?

A

dorsal aspect of base of 5th metacarpal

94
Q

What innervates the extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, and extensor carpi ulnaris muscle?

A

posterior interosseus nerve, continuation of deep branch of the radial nerve

95
Q

What are the actions of the extensor digitorum muscle?

A

-extends wrist and CMC joints
-extends medial 4 digits primarily at the MCP joints, secondarily at the interphalangeal joints

96
Q

What are the actions of the extensor digiti minimi muscle?

A

-extends wrist and CMC joints
-extends digit 5 primarily at the MCP joint, secondarily at the interphalangeal joint

97
Q

What are the actions of the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle?

A

extends and adducts wrist joint and CMC joints

98
Q

Besides the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle, what other muscle is also active during fist clenching?

A

extensor carpi ulnaris

99
Q

What muscles are included in the deep layer of the posterior forearm compartment?

A

abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
supinator

100
Q

The 3 muscles acting on the thumb (APL, EPL, EPB) are what to the superficial extensors?

101
Q

The 3 muscles acting on the thumb (APL, EPL, EPB) emerge (“crop out”) from a furrow in the lateral part of the forearm that divides the extensors. Because of this, they are referred to as what?

A

the outcropping muscles

102
Q

What is the origin of the abductor pollicis longus?

A

posterior surface of proximal 1/2 of ulna, radius, and interosseus membrane

103
Q

What is the origin of the extensor pollicis longus?

A

posterior surface of middle third of ulna and interosseus membrane

104
Q

What is the origin of the extensor pollicis brevis?

A

posterior surface of distal third of radius and interosseus membrane

105
Q

What does the abductor pollicis longus insert onto?

A

base of 1st metacarpal

106
Q

What does the extensor pollicis longus insert onto?

A

dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of thumb

107
Q

What does the extensor pollicis brevis insert onto?

A

dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of thumb

108
Q

What innervates the abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, and extensor pollicis brevis?

A

posterior interosseus nerve, continuation of deep branch of radial nerve

109
Q

What are the actions of the abductor pollicis longus muscle?

A

-abducts thumb and extends it at the CMC joint (MAIN ACTION)
-extends wrist joint and CMC joints

110
Q

What are the actions of the extensor pollicis longus muscle?

A

-extends distal phalanx of thumb at interphalangeal joint; extends MCP and CMC joints
-extends wrist joint, CMC joints

111
Q

What are the actions of the extensor pollicis brevis?

A

-extends proximal phalanx of thumb at MCP joint; extends CMC joint
-extends wrist joint, CMC joints

112
Q

What is the origin of the supinator muscle?

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus, radial collateral and annular ligaments, supinator fossa and crest of ulna

113
Q

What does the supinator muscle insert onto?

A

lateral, posterior, and anterior surface of proximal 3rd of radius

114
Q

What is the innervation of the supinator muscle?

A

deep branch of the radial nerve

115
Q

What is the main action of the supinator muscle?

A

supinates forearm, rotates radius to turn palm anteriorly or superiorly (if elbow is flexed)

116
Q

What are the borders of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Laterally: tendons of the Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
medially: tendon of the extensor pollicis longus

117
Q

What is visible as a hollow on the lateral aspect of the wrist when the thumb is extended fully?

A

the anatomical snuff box

118
Q

What lies on the floor of the snuff box?

A

radial artery

119
Q

What can be palpated proximally of the snuff box?

A

radial styloid process

120
Q

What can be palpated distally in the stuff box?

A

base of the 1st metacarpal

121
Q

What can be felt in the floor of the snuff box between the radial styloid process and the 1st metacarpal?

A

scaphoid and trapezium

122
Q

What are the major nerves of the forearm?

A

median, ulnar, and radial nerve

123
Q

Even the the radial nerve appears in the cubital region, it soon enters what?

A

posterior compartment of the forearm

124
Q

Besides the cutaneous branches, there are only 2 nerves of the anterior aspect of the forearm, what are they?

A

median and ulnar nerves

125
Q

What is the principal nerve of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

median nerve

126
Q

What is the passage way of the median nerve?

A

-enters forearm with brachial a. and lies medial to it
-median n. leaves cubital fossa by passing between the heads of the pronator teres, supplying branches to them
-passes deep to the FDS, continuing distally through the middle of the forearm, between the FDS and FDP

127
Q

What is the major branch of the median nerve?

A

anterior interosseous nerve

128
Q

What does the median nerve do as a motor nerve to the anterior forearm compartment?

A

-flexes wrist and fingers except for FCU and 1/2 FDP
-forearm pronation

129
Q

What does the median nerve do as a sensory nerve to the anterior forearm compartment?

A

sensory supply to:
-3 1/2 digits
-tip of index finger

130
Q

What are common etiologies of a median nerve lesion in the elbow region?

A

-supracondylar fracture/elbow dislocation
-supracondylar process
-tight bicipital aponeurosis
-pronator teres m

131
Q

If you have a median nerve lesion in the elbow region, where will you have motor and sensory deficits?

A

below the elbow

132
Q

What are the clinical presentation motor deficits shown in the median nerve lesion of the elbow region?

A

-mean fist “hand of benediction” : still have flexion of digits 4 and 5
-“Ape’s Hand” thenar eminence wasting : can’t oppose thumb

133
Q

What is the passage of the ulnar nerve?

A

-passes posteriorly to medial epicondyle
-enters forearm by passing between heads of FCU, giving them branches
-passes inferiorly between FCU and FDP, supplying the ulnar part of the muscle that sends tendons to digits 4 and 5

134
Q

The ulnar nerve becomes ______ at the wrist, running on the medial side of the ulnar artery and lateral side of the FCU tendon

A

superficial

135
Q

The ulnar nerve emerges from beneath the FCU tendon, proximal to the wrist and passes superficial to the flexor retinaculum to enter the hand, where it supplies what?

A

the skin on the medial side of the hand

136
Q

What supplies all the sensory in the hand that the median nerve does not?

A

the ulnar nerve

137
Q

If you have an ulnar nerve injury, it usually occurs in 1 of 4 places, what are those places?

A
  1. posterior to medial epicondyle of humerus
  2. cubital tunnel (formed by tendinous arch connecting the humerus and ulnar heads of the FCU)
  3. at the wrist
  4. in the hand
138
Q

What is the most common place of injury of the ulnar nerve?

A

posterior to the medial epicondyle

139
Q

What could ulnar nerve injury occurring at the elbow, wrist, or hand result in?

A

extensive motor and sensory loss to the hand

140
Q

If you have an ulnar nerve injury shown in a posterior medial epicondyle clinical presentation, what actions can’t you do?

A

can’t move digits 4 and 5

141
Q

What is the course of the radial nerve?

A

-leaves posterior compartment of the arm to cross the anterior aspect of the lateral epicondyle
-in the cubital region, the radial nerve divides into the deep and superficial branches

142
Q

What branch of the radial nerve arises anterior to the lateral epicondyle and pierces the supinator?

A

deep branch of the radial nerve

143
Q

What does the deep branch of the radial nerve continue as?

A

posterior interosseous nerve

144
Q

What is the course of the deep branch of the radial nerve?

A

-winds around lateral aspect of the neck of the radius
-enters posterior compartment of the forearm
-continues as the posterior interosseous nerve

145
Q

What branch of the radial nerve emerges in the distal part of the forearm and crosses the roof of the anatomical snuff box?

A

superficial branch of the radial nerve

146
Q

What is the superficial branch of the radial nerve distributed to?

A

skin on dorsum of hand and to a number of joints in the hand

147
Q

What are the clinical presentations to a radial nerve lesion in the forearm?

A

-wrist drop (unable to extend wrist/fingers; loss of all MP joints)
-no power grip

148
Q

Where does the brachial artery end?

A

distal part of cubital fossa

149
Q

What does the brachial artery divide into?

A

ulnar and radial artery

150
Q

What travels through the cubital fossa, descends between the FCU and FDP muscles, and terminates in the hand?

A

Ulnar artery

151
Q

What does the ulnar artery terminate in the hand as?

A

deep and superficial ulnar palmar arches

152
Q

What does the ulnar artery give rise to?

A
  1. superior ulnar recurrent artery
  2. inferior ulnar recurrent artery
  3. common interosseous artery
153
Q

What artery courses in a superior direction anterior to the medial epicondyle and forms an anastomosis with the inferior ulnar collateral artery?

A

superior ulnar recurrent artery

154
Q

What artery courses in a superior direction posterior to the medial epicondyle and forms an anastomosis with the superior ulnar collateral artery?

A

inferior ulnar recurrent artery

155
Q

What artery courses toward the interosseous membrane and bifurcates into the anterior and posterior interosseous branches?

A

common interosseous artery

156
Q

What does the common interosseous artery bifurcate into?

A
  1. anterior interosseous artery
  2. posterior interosseous artery
157
Q

What travels along the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane, pierces the membrane, and supplies the deep extensor muscles?

A

anterior interosseous artery

158
Q

What travels along the posterior surface of the interosseous membrane and supplies the superficial extensors and forms and anastomosis with the recurrent interosseous artery vascular network of the elbow?

A

posterior interosseous artery

159
Q

What travels in a superior direction, posterior to the elbow complex, and forms and anastomosis with the middle collateral artery?

A

recurrent interosseous artery

160
Q

What does the ulnar artery course with?

A

ulnar nerve

161
Q

What travels through the cubital fossa along the lateral side of the forearm, deep to the brachioradialis along the FPL muscle?

A

radial artery

162
Q

What is often felt on the lateral, palmar surface of the wrist?

A

pulse of the radial artery

163
Q

The radial artery terminates in the hand as what?

A

the deep and superficial radial palmar arches

164
Q

The radial artery gives rise to what?

A

radial recurrent artery

165
Q

What courses anteriorly to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to anastomose with the radial collateral artery?

A

radial recurrent artery

Anatomy (25 decks)

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