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Anatomy > Peritoneum, Omentum, Esophagus and Stomach > Flashcards

Peritoneum, Omentum, Esophagus and Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

What supplies the abdominal wall of the hypochondriac region, anterolateral, and diaphragm?

A
  • superior epigastric a
  • musculophrenic a off internal thoracic
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2
Q

What supplies the lateral abdominal wall?

A

10th and 11th posterior intercostal and subcostal off the abdominal aorta

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3
Q

What supplies the inferior rectus abdominis and medial part of the anterolateral abdominal wall and iliacus muscle and inferior part of the anterolateral part of the abdominal wall?

A
  • inferior epigastric a
  • deep circumflex iliac a off of external iliac artery
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4
Q

What supplies the superficial abdominal wall of inguinal region and adjacent anterior thigh and subcutaneous tissue and skin over pubic and inferior umbilical region?

A
  • superficial circumflex iliac a.
  • superficial epigastric a. off femoral a.
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5
Q

How many sources of blood are their to the abdominal wall?

A

4

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6
Q

What is the venous drainage of the abdominal wall superior to the umbilicus?

A

internal mammary, intercostal, and lateral thoracic veins

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7
Q

What do the veins of the abdominal wall superior to the umbilicus drain into?

A

SVC

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8
Q

What is the venous drainage of the abdominal wall inferior to the umbilicus?

A

superficial epigastric and circumflex iliac veins

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9
Q

What forms the thoraco-epigastric vein?

A

venous anastomosis between the superficial epigastric vein and lateral thoracic veins

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10
Q

What provides a potential collateral pathway for blood normally draining via the IVC to return to the heart via the SVC when the IVC is blocked?

A

thoraco-epigastric vein

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11
Q

Anything above T10 is going to drain into what?

A

the axillary region

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12
Q

What do the superficial vessels of the abdominal wall accompany?

A

the subcutaneous veins

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13
Q

Superficial lymphatic vessels superior to the umbilicus drain mainly to what?

A

axillary lymph nodes

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14
Q

Superficial lymphatic vessels inferior to the umbilicus drain into what?

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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15
Q

The deep lymphatic vessels of the abdominal wall accompany the deep veins and drain into what?

A

external iliac, common iliac, and lumbar lymph nodes

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16
Q

What does the first lumbar nerve bifurcate into?

A
  • iliohypogastric nerves
  • ilioinguinal nerves
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17
Q

Which nerves do not enter the rectus sheath?

A
  • iliohypogastric nerve
  • ilioinguinal nerve
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18
Q

What nerve pierces the external oblique aponeurosis superior to the superficial inguinal ring?

A

iliohypogastric nerve

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19
Q

What nerve passes through the inguinal canal to emerge through the superficial inguinal ring?

A

ilioinguinal nerve

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20
Q

The iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves supply branches to what muscles?

A

internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles

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21
Q

What does the foregut span from?

A

pharynx to hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter)

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22
Q

What artery supplies the foregut?

A

celiac artery

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23
Q

What region is epigastric pain associated with?

A

foregut

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24
Q

What does the midgut span from?

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter) to 2/3 transverse colon

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25
Q

What is the blood supply to the midgut?

A

SMA

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26
Q

What region is associated with periumbilical pain

A

midgut

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27
Q

What does the hindgut span from?

A

1/3 transverse colon to the anal canal

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28
Q

What is the blood supply to the hindgut?

A

IMA

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29
Q

What region is hypogastric pain associated with?

A

hindgut

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30
Q

What develops independently to the GIT?

A

the spleen

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31
Q

What vertebral level spinal nerve supplies the celiac trunk?

A

T12

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32
Q

What vertebral level spinal nerve supplies the superior mesentaric artery?

A

L1

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33
Q

What vertebral level spinal nerve supplies the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

L3

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34
Q

What is a transparent serous membrane that consists of two continuous layers?

A

the peritoneum

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35
Q

What are the two layers of the peritoneum?

A
  • parietal peritoneum
  • visceral peritoneum
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36
Q

What is a double layer of parietal peritoneum that secretes serous fluid, providing lubrication and decreasing the friction between abdominal organs?

A

mesentery

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37
Q

What does the connective tissue of the mesentery contain?

A
  • lymph vessels
  • nerves
  • arteries
  • veins
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38
Q

What do the vessels in the mesentery create?

A

a pathway between the abdominal wall and internal organs

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39
Q

What is responsible for holding the abdominal organs in place?

A

mesentery

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40
Q

What is the double layer of parietal peritoneum between organs?

A

omentum

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41
Q

What connects the stomach to the colon and hangs from the stomach to keep the intestines warm?

A

greater omentum

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42
Q

What is composed of mostly fatty tissues and contains macrophages which help fight infections?

A

greater omentum

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43
Q

What connects the stomach and liver?

A

lesser omentum

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44
Q

What invests viscera organs such as the spleen and stomach?

A

visceral peritoneum

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45
Q

What is the anatomical space located behind the abdominal or peritoneal cavity?

A

retroperitoneum

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46
Q

What type of organs are not in direct continuation with the food pathway?

A

accessory digestive organs

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47
Q

What is a potential space of capillary thinness between the parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum?

A

peritoneal cavity

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48
Q

What contains a thin film of peritoneal fluid that keeps the peritoneal surfaces moist?

A

peritoneal cavity

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49
Q

What enables the viscera to move over each other without friction and allowing the movements of digestion?

A

peritoneal fluid

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50
Q

What does the peritoneal fluid contain?

A

leukocytes and antibodies that resist infection

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51
Q

What organs are considered intraperitoneal organs?

A
  • stomach
  • first part of duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
  • cecum and appendix
  • transverse colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • upper third of rectum
  • liver
  • tail of pancreas
  • spleen
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52
Q

What are other abdominal organs that develop behind the peritoneum and are not suspended in the peritoneal cavity?

A

retroperitoneal organs

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53
Q

What organs are considered retroperitoneal organs?

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • suprarenal glands
  • inferior 2/3rds of the rectum
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54
Q

What is completely closed in males?

A

the peritoneal cavity

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55
Q

What has a communication pathway in females to the exterior of the body through the uterine tubes, uterine cavity, and vagina?

A

the peritoneal cavity

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56
Q

Because there is communication to the exterior of the female body in the peritoneal cavity, this creates a potential pathway of what?

A

infection from the exterior

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57
Q

In women, the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and gonadal blood vessels are located where?

A

in the intraperitoneum

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58
Q

What is the mnemonic for retroperitoneal organs?

A

SAD PUCKER (suprarenal glands, aorta and IVC, duodenum, pancreas, ureters, ascending/descending colon, kidneys, esophagus, rectum)

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59
Q

What suspends much of the small intestines from the posterior abdominal wall?

A

mesentery

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60
Q

What consists of a double layer of peritoneum that connects an organ with another organ or the abdominal wall?

A

peritoneal ligament

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61
Q

What connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

A

falciform ligament

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62
Q

What is the double layered extension of peritoneum passing from the stomach and proximal part of the duodenum to the adjacent organs?

A

omentum

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63
Q

What extends superiorly, laterally to the left, and inferiorly from the greater curvature of the stomach and the proximal part of the duodenum?

A

greater omentum

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64
Q

What are the 3 parts of the greater omentum?

A
  1. gastrophrenic ligament
  2. gastrosplenic ligament
  3. gastrocolic ligament
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65
Q

What is found between the greater curvature of the stomach and the diaphragm?

A

gastrophrenic ligament

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66
Q

What is found between the greater curvature of the stomach and the spleen?

A

gastrosplenic ligament

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67
Q

What is the largest part of the greater omentum, descending anteriorly and inferiorly beyond the transverse colon and the superior layer of its mesentery?

A

gastrocolic ligament

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68
Q

What attaches at the inferior portion of the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

gastrocolic ligament

69
Q

The descending and ascending portions of the gastrocolic part of the greater omentum usually fuse together, forming a four-layered fatty what?

A

“omental apron”

70
Q

Where can you find the hepatobiliary area?

A

lesser omentum

71
Q

What connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal part of the duodenum to the liver?

A

lesser omentum

72
Q

What ligament connects the stomach to the liver and is the membranous portion of the lesser omentum?

A

hepatogastric ligament

73
Q

What is the thickest free edge of the lesser omentum and conducts the portal triad?

A

hepatoduodenal ligament

74
Q

What structures are included in the portal triad?

A
  • hepatic portal vein
  • proper hepatic artery
  • bile duct
75
Q

What runs from the ligamentum venosum to the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

hepatogastric ligament

76
Q

What runs from the liver to the first part of the duodenum?

A

hepatoduodenal ligament

77
Q

What is the passage of communication between the general cavity and the omental bursa?

A

omental foramen

78
Q

Pain from the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, and biliary ducts cause pain in what region?

A

epigastric region

79
Q

Pain from the small intestine distal to the bile duct, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and most of the transverse colon cause pain in what region?

A

periumbilical region

80
Q

Pain from the distal part of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum cause pain in what region?

A

hypogastric region

81
Q

What supplies blood to the GI tract, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver?

A

abdominal aorta

82
Q

What are the 3 major branches of the abdominal aorta?

A
  • celiac trunk
  • superior mesenteric arteries
  • inferior mesenteric arteries
83
Q

What is formed by the union of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins?

A

hepatic portal vein

84
Q

What is the main channel of the portal venous system?

A

hepatic portal vein

85
Q

What does the portal venous system collect blood from?

A
  • abdominal part of the GI tract
  • pancreas
  • spleen
  • most of the gallbladder and carries it to the liver
86
Q

What allows nutrients to get into the liver?

A

hepatic portal vein

87
Q

What runs slightly to the left of the vertebral bodies and posterior to the trachea?

A

esophagus

88
Q

What level does the esophagus enter into the abdomen by way of the diaphragm?

A

T10

89
Q

The abdominal esophagus joins the stomach at what sphincter?

A

esophagogastric sphincter

90
Q

At what level does the esophagus start and end?

A

C6 (cricoid cartilage)
T11 (cardial orifice)

91
Q

What are the two muscle layers of the esophagus?

A

longitudinal and circular

92
Q

The superior third of the esophagus is made up of what type of muscle?

A

skeletal

93
Q

The middle third of the esophagus is made up of what type of muscle?

A

skeletal and smooth

94
Q

The inferior third of the esophagus is made up of what type of muscle?

A

smooth muscle

95
Q

What marks the transition of the columnar gastric epithelium to the squamous esophageal epithelium?

A

Z-line

96
Q

What is a common spot of esophageal cancer due to prolonged GERD symptoms creating ulcers and metaplasia?

A

lower esophageal sphincter

97
Q

What level is the squamous columnar junction (Z-line) found?

A

T10

98
Q

Areas of constriction of the esophagus where swallowed foreign objects are most likely to lodge and where stricture may develop occur at levels of which structures?

A
  • arch of aorta
  • left main bronchus
99
Q

In the superior third of the esophagus, the external layers of the muscle consists of what?

A

voluntary striated muscle

100
Q

The inferior third of the esophagus of the external longitudinal muscle is composed of what?

A

smooth muscle

101
Q

The middle third of the esophagus of the external longitudinal muscle is composed of what?

A

both voluntary striated and smooth muscle

102
Q

Voluntary control of the esophagus are what type of fibers?

A

GVE fibers

103
Q

Cervical esophageal constrictions (junction of pharynx and esophagus) occur at what vertebral level?

A

C6

104
Q

What are the associated structures with an esophageal constriction?

A
  • cricopharyngeus m
  • upper esophageal sphincter
105
Q

Aortic arch esophageal constrictions occur at what level?

A

T4/T5

106
Q

What are the associated structures with an aortic arch esophageal constriction?

A

sternal angle

107
Q

Left main bronchus esophageal constrictions occur at what level?

A

T5-T6

108
Q

What are the associated structures with a left main bronchus esophageal constriction?

A

tracheal bifurcation

109
Q

Left atrium esophageal constrictions occur at what levels?

A

T6-T7

110
Q

What are the associated structures with a left atrium esophageal constrinction?

A

heart

111
Q

Diaphragmatic (esophageal hiatus) constrictions occur at what level?

A

T10

112
Q

What are the associated structures with diaphragmatic constrictions?

A
  • diaphragm
  • lower esophageal sphincter (esophagus to esophageal hiatus)
  • z-line
113
Q

What allows gastric contents to enter the lower esophagus resulting resulting in GERD?

A

an ineffective lower esophageal sphincter

114
Q

What can cause deleterious changes to the epithelium of the esophagus?

A

GERD

115
Q

What is dysphasia?

A

difficulty swallowing

116
Q

What is odynophagia?

A

painful swallowing

117
Q

What artery supplies the upper esophagus?

A

inferior thyroid a

118
Q

What artery supplies the middle esophagus?

A

descending aorta

119
Q

What artery supplies the lower esophagus?

A

left gastric and left inferior phrenic aa

120
Q

What vein drains the upper esophagus?

A

inferior thyroid v

121
Q

What vein drains the middle esophagus?

A

azygos system (systemic system)

122
Q

What vein drains the lower esophagus?

A

left gastric v (portal system)

123
Q

Where does esophageal lymphatics and lymph drain into?

A

subclavian at the junction with jugular veins

124
Q

What lymph nodes drain the foregut?

A

celiac nodes

125
Q

Most of the esophagus (except for the proximal part) is under autonomic control mediated by what?

A

esophageal plecxus

126
Q

Innervation of the esophagus includes what nerves?

A
  • vagal trunks (becoming anterior and posterior gastric nerves)
  • thoracic sympathetic trunks via the greater splanchnic nerves
  • peri-arterial plexus around the left gastric a and left inferior phrenic a
127
Q

What is the sympathetic nerve supply of the esophagus?

A

IML T1-T10 -> sympathetic trunk

128
Q

What is the parasympathetic nerve supply of the esophagus?

A
  • left vagus nerve to esophageal plexus to anterior vagal trunk
  • right vagus nerve to esophageal plexus to posterior vagus trunk
129
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the esophagus allows for what?

A
  • peristalsis
  • arterial vasoconstriction
  • glandular secretion
130
Q

What are the 4 parts of the stomach?

A
  1. cardia
  2. fundus
  3. body
  4. pylorus
131
Q

What are the 2 curvatures of the stomach?

A
  1. lesser curvature
  2. greater curvature
132
Q

What part of the stomach surrounds the cardial orifice?

A

cardia

133
Q

What is the dilated superior part of the stomach that is related to the left dome of the diaphragm and is limited inferiorly by the horizontal plane of the cardial orifice and may be dilated by gas, fluid, or food?

A

fundus

134
Q

What is the major part of the stomach?

A

body

135
Q

What is the distal funnel-shaped region of the stomach?

A

pylorus

136
Q

What forms the shorter concave border of the stomach?

A

lesser curvature

137
Q

What forms the longer convex border of the stomach?

A

greater curvature

138
Q

What levels can you find the esophagogastric junction/Z-line?

A

T10-T11

139
Q

What allows for expansion of the stomach?

A

rugae

140
Q

Acid damage can be found where?

A

esophagus and duodenum (duodenum ulcers are very common)

141
Q

What arteries can be found in the greater omentum?

A
  • gastro-omental a (left and right)
  • short gastric aa
142
Q

What forms the cardial notch?

A

esophagus and fundus

143
Q

Most of the blood of the stomach is supplied by the anastomoses along the lesser curvature by which two arteries and along the greater curvature by which two arteries?

A
  • lesser curvature:
    ** left and right gastric aa
  • greater curvature:
    ** right and left gastro-omental aa
144
Q

The fundus and upper body of the stomach receive blood supply from what?

A

short and posterior gastric aa (branches of the splenic artery)

145
Q

What are the levels of the celiac trunk, SMA, and IMA, respectively?

A
  • T12
  • L1
  • L3
146
Q

What is the blood supply to the liver to help it survive?

A

hepatic artery proper

147
Q

What lies behind the stomach, runs on the top of the pancreas, and supplies blood to the spleen?

A

splenic artery

148
Q

What supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A
  • left and right gastric aa
149
Q

What are the three branches of the celiac trunk?

A
  • common hepatic a
  • left gastric a
  • splenic a
150
Q

What does the common hepatic a give off?

A
  • gastroduodenal a
  • proper hepatic a
151
Q

What does the gastroduodenal a give off?

A

right gastro-omental a

152
Q

What does the proper hepatic a give off?

A
  • right gastric a
  • right and left hepatic a
153
Q

What does the left gastric a give off?

A

esophageal a

154
Q

What does the splenic a give off?

A
  • short gastric a
  • left gastro-omental a
155
Q

What supplies the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

left and right gastro-omental aa

156
Q

What forms the portal vein?

A

union of the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein

157
Q

Venous drainage primarily to the portal venous system is through what?

A

left gastric vein

158
Q

The proximal thoracic part of the esophagus drains primarily into the systemic venous system through what veins?

A

esophageal veins entering the azygos vein

159
Q

What drains into the hepatic portal vein?

A
  • right and left gastric veins
  • splenic v
  • superior mesenteric v
160
Q

What do the short gastric v and left gastro-omental v drain into?

A

splenic v

161
Q

What does the right gastro-omental v drain into?

A

superior mesenteric v

162
Q

What is the autonomic innervation of the stomach?

A
  • parasympathetic nerve supply from:
    **anterior vagal trunk (L. vagus n)
    **posterior vagal trunk (R. vagus n)
  • sympathetic nerve supply:
    **T6-T9 segments of spinal cord that pass to celiac plexus via greater splanchnic nerves
163
Q

The anterior and posterior vagal trunk enter the abdomen through what?

A

esophageal hiatus

164
Q

The thoracolumbar region has what type of inputs?

A

sympathetic

165
Q

The craniosacral region has what type of inputs?

A

parasympathetic

166
Q

Abdominal viscera are supplied by what?

A

a large prevertebral plexus

167
Q

The prevertebral plexus contains what?

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral sensory components

168
Q

The sympathetic components of the prevertebral plexus originate from what spinal cord levels?

A

T5 to L2

169
Q

The parasympathetic components of the prevertebral plexus are from what?

A

the vagus nerve (X) and spinal cord levels S2-S4

Anatomy (25 decks)

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