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ANAT 261 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what are glands formed from and how

A

formed from covering epithelia

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2
Q

describe exocrine glands

A

ducts and secretory portions
released on cavities or surfaces

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3
Q

describe endocrine glands

A

secretory vesicles
becomes separated from epithelium
released directly into circulation

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4
Q

name 2 endocrine glands and describe

A

pancreas and pituitary - organized into quadrants
thyroid - produces thyrotropin, follicle associated to capillaries

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5
Q

how can glandular epithelial tissue be classified - 5

A

number of cells
fate of secretion
way the secretory products leave the cell
ducts
secretory portion

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6
Q

describe classification of glands according to number of cells

A

Unicellular - goblet cell, digestive and respiratory system
multicellular (sweat gland)

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7
Q

describe classification of glands according to number of fate of secretion

A

exocrine - salivary glands, sweat glands
endocrine - endocrine pancreas

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8
Q

describe classification of glands according to how secretory products leave cell

A

merocrine - sweat gland = morphologically stays the same
holocrine - sebaceous gland = cell itself, cell death
apocrine - mammary gland = in between holo and mero, big fat globule and is released into secretion

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9
Q

describe classification of glands according to ducts

A

simple - gastic gland
compound - salivary gland

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10
Q

describe and give examples of simple ducts

A

simple tubular = gastric gland
simple coiled tubular = sweat gland
simple branched tubular = pyloric glands
simple branched acinar = trachea

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11
Q

describe and give examples of compound ducts

A

compound tubulo acinar = submandibular gland/salivary
compound tubular =
compound acinar = parotid/sublingual gland, salivary

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12
Q

describe classification of glands according to secretory portion

A

acinar (secretory portions of round) = mucous (sublingual salivary gland) and serous (parotid gland)
tubular (sweat gland - highly coiled)

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13
Q

what is function of respiratory system

A

provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from blood

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14
Q

name 2 portions of respiratory system

A

conducting
respiratory

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15
Q

what is a part of conduction portion

A

nasal cavity
nasopharynx
oropharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bonchioles (regular and terminal)

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16
Q

what is function of conducting portion

A

warming - so cells like alveolar cells wont get frozen
humidifying
cleaning
Delivery of air - cannot collapse

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17
Q

what does conducting portion posses

A

Structures to ensure uninterrupted supply of air - cartilage - to keep open, smooth muscles, connective tissue = provides some rigidity, flexibility, extensibility * elastic fibers
glands and ciliated cells to remove foreign particles

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18
Q

what is a part of respiratory portion

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
lung alveoli

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19
Q

what is function of respiratory portion

A

gas exchange takes place

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20
Q

name layers of general plan of conducting portion - trachea

A

mucosa
submuocsa
adventitia

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21
Q

describe mucosa of trachea

A

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells, rests on bm
lamina propria, loose ct, elastic fibers, capillaries, rich in capillary network - warms air

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22
Q

describe submucosa of trachea

A

denser ct and glands
serous and mucosa acini
hyaline cartilage
trachealis muscle - smooth muscle, gap or opening filled with smooth muscle cells

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23
Q

describe hyaline cartilage in trachea

A

cricoid cartilage =complete Rings in trachea (below= incomplete)
chondrocytes ring attached by fibrous tissue

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24
Q

describe adventitia of trachea

A

dense irregular ct - connects and supports

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25
Q

describe serous acinus

A

small dots at apex of all
bit basophilic towards base
myoepithelial cells between secretory cell and bm
secretes water
provides humidity

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26
Q

describe mucous acinus

A

nuclei compressed against cell
produces glycoproteins
mucous
coats epithelium

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27
Q

describe serous and mucous acinus secretions

A

serous = fluid/liquid will evaporate and humidify air
mucous = secrete mucous and glycoproteins to coat

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28
Q

what is respiratory epithelium

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
with goblet cells

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29
Q

describe goblet cells

A

Secrete mucous
bulky unicellular glands
doesnt stain well
mucous excreted by exocytosis

30
Q

what is purpose of cilia

A

removes dust and particles and stuff

31
Q

describe cells of respiratory epithelium

A

brush cells = have microvilli, could be sensory cells or precursors to ciliated cells
short cells - stem cells, no granules
small granule cell = argentaffin/dnes = diffuse neuroendocrine system, cannot see, must be silver nitrate to stain granules
endocrine cell, secretes towards lp

32
Q

describe goblet cell in greater detail

A

triangular shape
large golgi complex - adds sugars
RER = protein synthesis and initial glycosylation
becomes glycoprotein packed into secretory granules and released by exocytosis

33
Q

what is outside and inside cilia

A

outside = PM
inside = axoneme

34
Q

describe axoneme

A

complete microtubule and one incomplete one, looks like C
# of subunits = 13 dots = protofilamnets
13 complete microtubules
9+2 configuration, nine pairs and 2 central

35
Q

describe microtubule

A

single microtubule formed by polymerization of alpha and beta tubulin
13 subunits in cross section
9 peripheral, similar to basal bodies - centrioles
wall of single microtubule = 13 protofilaments, alternating alpha tubulin and beta tubulin

36
Q

what is centriole

A

very similar to basal body - at right angles almost

37
Q

what is central sheath of axoneme

A

around central pair

38
Q

what is nexin of axoneme

A

bind all axoneme microtubules

39
Q

what is radial spokes of axoneme

A

proteins that join peripheral to central microtubules

40
Q

what is dyenin arms of axoneme

A

moves cilia
M2 = incomplete
M1 = complete

41
Q

what is tectins of axoneme

A

inside complete microtubule

42
Q

describe basal body-centriole

A

protein linker
triplets, M1 = complete, M2 and M3 (not continuous) = incomplete

43
Q

name 2 mutations that affect axoneme

A

primary ciliary dyskinesia
radial spoke protein mutations

44
Q

describe primary ciliary dyskinesia

A

lack of dynein arms (mutations in genes coding
dynein arms)
Renders Cilia and sperm immotive or dysmotile
impaired mucus clearing (bronchiectasis)
chronic sinusitis
Situs inversus (Kartagener’s syndrome) - 50% of patients (flipped heart & organs)
Male infertility
* tail of spermatozoa contains axonemes

45
Q

describe radial spoke protein mutations

A

results in immotile cilia & sperm
Radial spokes are composed of at least 20 other proteins

46
Q

list pathway of air entering body

A

trachea
pulmonary bronchus
regular bronchiole
terminal bronchiole

respiratory bronchiole
alveolar duct
alveolar sac
lung alveoli

47
Q

describe pulmonary bronchus

A

lumen
epi = respiratory, less goblet cells since structure becomes smaller-they would obstruct
LP = loose ct
capillary network = warms ait
smooth muscle cells - complete layer
pieces of hyaline cartilage - small islands in submucosa, polymorphic
serous acini
adevntitia
folded mucosa
criss cross - looks like complete layer

48
Q

what are diameters of regular and terminal bronchioles

A

1-3mm in diameter

49
Q

describe regular bronchiole

A

epi =columnar ciliated, no goblet cells, has cilia
lp = ct right under epi, almost negligible
several layers smooth muscle - 4-5 layers
presence of basal bodies at base of axoneme
highly folded mucosa

50
Q

describe terminal bronchiole

A

epi = columnar ciliated and non ciliated club cells
lp= so thin almost invisible
2 layers smooth muscle cells

51
Q

describe respiratory bronchiole

A

Epithelium =cuboidal club sells (transparent, see mucous)
incomplete smooth muscle
stretches into alveoli
adventitia=thin layer with fibrocytes - also cannot see
looks the same as terminal but wall is interrupted
NO submucosa except SM cells

52
Q

describe alveolar duct

A

respiratory bronchiole connected to branching alveolar ducts of decreasing size, alveolar ducts are delimited by knobs of smooth muscle covered by club cells and alveolar sacs around

becomes squamous cells
knobs of mucosa
epithelium= short club cells which produce surfactant

53
Q

what is middle of alveolar sac

A

atrium
separated by septi (a septum- could be porous)

54
Q

describe lung alveoli

A

alveolar cell type 1 and 2 = pneumocytes types 1 and 2
lots of capillaries in septum - continuous capillaries in lungs - branch from pulmonary artery
interconnected by alveolar poles

55
Q

which bronchiole is affected by asthma

A

regular
innervated by sympathetic - relaxation and parasympathetic - produces contraction
a puff of asthma medication opens lumen

56
Q

describe club cells

A

transparent
dont stain well
no cilia
secretes surfactant

57
Q

what is surfactant

A

avoids collapse of cells
important in tiny structures
need expiration to avoid collapse

58
Q

why are elastic fibers important in alveoli

A

very important for structures to expand
inspiration - contract and expiration

59
Q

describe pneumocyte type 2

A

Secretes surfactant
bulging cells
not same as club cells
typical of lung alveoli
club = alveolar duct, terminal and respiratory bronchioles

looks pale in LM - since lipid structures
in em = dark due to presence of lamellar bodies
open by exocytosis into lumen and secretes surfactant and will cover surface of alveoli

60
Q

describe endothelium capillary

A

lined by simple squamous epithelium on bm

61
Q

describe pneumocyte type 1

A

flat cell
simple squamous epi rests on bm

62
Q

describe macrophages in septi

A

migrate into septum and become fixed tissue macrophage
free macrophages = move everywhere, eats dust, pollution, asbestos , all particulate matter,

63
Q

why do tattoos become permanent

A

due to fixed tissue macrophages

64
Q

what do lamellar bodies in pneumocytes types 2 do

A

contain surfactant proteins A,B,C&D and phospholipids
primarily lecithin which helps reduce the surface tension of pneumocytes type 1

65
Q

describe blood air barrier

A

gas exchange
structure where exchange of o2/co2 happens
moves from lumen of capillary to lung alveoli

66
Q

which structures does blood air barrier use

A

cytoplasm of pneumocyte type 1
BM
cytoplasm of endothelial cell

67
Q

describe BM of blood air barrier

A

fused bm of 2 tissues =pneumocyte type 1 and endothelial cell

68
Q

name equation for how co2 produced in lung

A

2 H2CO3 + carbonic anhydrase = CO2 + H20

69
Q

name the 3 means by which co2 is transported in blood stream

A

from peripheral tissues and back to lungs

dissolved gas
bicarbonate
carbaminohemoglobin bound to hemoglobin and other proteins

70
Q

describe respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

A

life threatening disorder of the lung caused by deficiency of surfactant
associated with prematurity
leading cause of death among premature infants
treatment = recombinant surfactant or cortisone promotes synthesis of surfactant

71
Q

describe emphysema

A

chronic lung disease characterized by destruction of inter-alveolar wall (septi) leading to Respiratory insufficiency
major cause = cigarette smoking
probably due to impairment of elastic fiber synthesis
other cases = increased production of elastase by macrophages, leads to some forms of emphysema, results from degradation of elastic fibers of intra alveolar wall
apoptosis
elastase = will destroy elastic fibers and septum will break

ANAT 261 (27 decks)

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