Dermis, Hypodermis, Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

name the 3 most common ct cells

A

fibroblasts
adipocytes
mast cell

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2
Q

describe fibroblasts

A

secrete collagen and other elements of EC<
divide to make more

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3
Q

describe adipocytes

A

store fat

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4
Q

describe mast cells

A

macrophages and lymphocytes (cells with immune functions)

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5
Q

is the matrix only produced by fibroblasts

A

nNo
IT CAN BE PRODUCED BY RELATED cell types like chondroblasts in cartilage and osteoblasts in bone

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6
Q

are fibroblasts in all ct

A

HECK NO

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7
Q

describe ground substance of ct

A

depends on the type of connective tissue

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8
Q

describe fibers in ct

A

principal fiber type = collagen
can be others like elastic fibers

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9
Q

describe what collagen fibers do

A

confers tensile strength with flexibility

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10
Q

describe what elastic fibers do

A

confer resiliency

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11
Q

what is the most abundant protein in body

A

collagen

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12
Q

describe ground substance of ordinary ct

A

water stabilized by glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins

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13
Q

describe ground substance of bone

A

ground substance includes minerals

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14
Q

describe ground substance of blood

A

ground substance is fluid (plasma)

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15
Q

what is a sheath

A

fibroblasts - makes fibers and ecm

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16
Q

name and describe the components of amorphous ground substance

A

structural glycoproteins - 90% protein and 10% sugars
proteoglycans - 50/50 sugar proteins
GAGs

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17
Q

name the GAGs

A

chondroitin sulfate
dermatan sulfate
heparan sulfate
keratan sulfate
and core proteins (recall composition)

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18
Q

name a structural glycoprotein

A

fibronectin

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19
Q

name the collagen fibers found in ct and where they are found

A

type 1 - dermis, tendon
type 2 - hyaline cartilage
type 3 - reticular fiber
type 4 - BM
type 5 - fetal tissues

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20
Q

name the non collagen fibers found in ct and where they are found

A

elastin - elastic cartilage, arteries
gives elastic properties of cartilage

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21
Q

name the areas that collagen fibers are made in (like what they have to travel through)

A

nucleus
RER
golgi
extracellular space

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22
Q

describe what happens in nucleus (how collagen fibers are made)

A

2 copies alpha 1 gene
1 copy alpha 2 gene
forms 3 peptides which come out and goes to RER

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23
Q

describe what happens in RER (how collagen fibers are made)

A

synthesis and clipping of SP (preprocollagen)
hydroxylation of lysine and proline residues - sticks H on ends, then can exchange for sugar
attachment of glucosyl and galastosyl to hydroxylysyl residues
assembly of procollagen molecules - forms triple helix

24
Q

describe what happens in golgi (how collagen fibers are made)

A

packaging and secretion out of cell

25
Q

describe what happens in extracellular space (how collagen fibers are made)

A

procollagen peptidases aggregation
it becomes tropocollagen and then aggregated and forms microfibrils and then collagen fibrils and then bundles

26
Q

describe how procollagen becomes tropocollagen (in extracellular space)

A

peptidase cleaves peptide bonds and chops off ends of triple helix
the ends must be free - now becomes tropocollagen

27
Q

what is tropocollagen

A

building blocks of collagen
280nm in length
specific start and stop

28
Q

describe how tropocollagen becomes microfibrils (and on)

A

tropocollagen self aggregates in a regulated fashion (depends on sugar residues) and becomes myofibrils
myofibrils bind with each other and form collagen fibrils

29
Q

how do collagen fibrils form collagen fibers

A

self assemble to be collagen fibers and can bundle to become collagen bundle - usually has sheath around bundle

30
Q

does collagen have a pattern

A

yeee e
its because of the way the components align - makes a regular repeating patterns which produces a lacunar region and overlapping region

31
Q

describe lacunar region and overlapping region of collgen

A

lacunar = space, looks light
overlapping region = dark

32
Q

what is the periodicity of collagen due to

A

stepwise overlapping of tropocollagen

33
Q

name other ct cells and what their functions are - 4

A

lymphocyte - immunoglobulins (humoral defense)
mast cell - heparin and histamine (anti clotting, inflammation)
plasma cell - phagocytosis (cellular defense)
macrophages

34
Q

what are cartilage and bone

A

specialized forms of ct which produce ecm with firm consistency

35
Q

what does the matrix of cartilage allow for

A

allows tissue to support mechanical stress without distortion
provides support to adjacent soft tissues

36
Q

what cells are found in cartilage

A

chondrocytes

37
Q

where are chondrocytes in cartilage

A

within spaces called lacunae or chondroplasts

38
Q

define lacunae

A

space in cartilage
usually small
space has isogenic group (cells - chondrocytes)

39
Q

what is articular cartilage

A

found at end (head) of bones
special

40
Q

name the 3 main types of cartilage and where to find them

A

hyaline - trachea (rings of hyaline with muscle in back)
elastic - ears, nose, larynx
fibrocartilage - intervertebral discs

41
Q

describe the ground substance of ecm of cartilage - specifics

A

proteoglycans - keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate
hyaluronic acid
various glycoproteins - chondronectin

42
Q

what fibers are found in hyaline cartilage

A

collagen type 2

43
Q

what fibers are found in elastic cartilage

A

elastic fibers

44
Q

what fibers are found in fibrocartilage

A

collagen type 1

45
Q

T OR F: cartilage continues to grow for all your life

A

false silly head
cartilage stops growing in mature cartilage
there is no chondrogenic layerr

46
Q

what is perichondrium

A

most apical layer
wraps around cartilage - ct sheath

47
Q

name the layers of the perichondrium

A

fibrous layer
chondrogenic layer

48
Q

describe fibrous layer of perichondrium - gen

A

more fibers less cells
dense irregular ct
collagen type 1

49
Q

describe fibrous layer of perichondrium - detailed like about cell types

A

fibrocytes (blasts produced fibers but now they are trapped, so cytes, used to be blasts but older cartilage so no more

50
Q

describe chondrogenic layer of perichondrium - gen

A

flat cells
chondroblasts - active cells make ecm, fibers and amorphous ground substance
makes collagen type 2

51
Q

describe chondrogenic layer of perichondrium - detailed like about cell types

A

makes all ecm - chondroblasts
can divide and stay in chondrogenic layer or differentiate to chondrocytes (no longer active)

52
Q

describe appositional growth of cartilage

A

chondroblasts in chondrogenic layer make ecm and chondrocytes and pushes stuff down
gets thicker and displace - moving away from top
growth of chondrogenic layer is important to make cartilage grow

53
Q

describe interstitial growth of cartilage

A

chondrocytes get stuck in spaces = chondroplasts
inside chondroplast = interstitial growth - divide within
chondrocytes still dividing

54
Q

describe chondroplast - cells

A

8 cells trapped in lacuna - all 8 cells came from same cell (= isogenic group)

55
Q

what is similar between hyaline and elastic cartilage

A

very similar
perichondrium - fibrous layer and chondrogenic layer
cells trapped in ecm, not active, becomes part of cartilage, chondroplasts with chondrocytes stuck in lacunae

56
Q

what is different between hyaline and elastic cartilage

A

elastic cartilage HAS ELASTIC FIBERS
chondroblasts of cartilage make another of fiber - elastic fibers
elastic fibers made by chondrogenic layer

57
Q

what do elastic fibers do for elastic cartilage

A

gives elasticity
able to move elastic cartilage around because of these fibers