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ANAT 261 > digestive system III and IV > Flashcards

digestive system III and IV Flashcards

1
Q

name layers of general plan of digestive system

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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2
Q

describe mucosa of general plan

A

epi = continous with oral cavity, nonkeratinized strat squa epi
lp = loose ct
muscularis mucosae = separates mucosa from submucosa, muscle tissue, most developed in esophagus- see fibers

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3
Q

describe submucosa of general plan

A

loose or dense ct

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4
Q

describe muscularis of general plan

A

2 sublayers = internal circular and external longitudinal *smooth muscle nuclei, different sections
3 sublayers in stomach

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5
Q

describe serosa of general plan

A

called adventitia untill diaphragm

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6
Q

why does digestive system look wavy

A

due to fixation

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7
Q

describe submucosal glands

A

has many glands
esophageal/mucous
mucous glands called esophageal glands - lubrication for food stuff to slide down easier

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8
Q

describe esophageal glands

A

have duct that runs up through submucosa, muscularis mucosae and to lumen to release mucous in esophagus

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9
Q

describe the stomach

A

dilated segment of digestive tract
main action is to add an acidic fluid - pH 2 - to ingested food to transform it into a viscous mass called chyme
Secretes intrinsic factor - essential to absorb vitamin b12
produces hormones like gastrin - hormone for digestion

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10
Q

describe stomach mucosa

A

described as pits or glands = invaginations all along stomach - to increase SA - amount of space for cells to come into contact with food stuff- to breakdown

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11
Q

describe stomach epithelium

A

simple columnar
rest on bm

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12
Q

describe when esophagus empties into stomach

A

cardia - 1cm tiny area
fundus
body - gastic region, rest of stomach
Pyloric region = stomach ends, empties into duodenum of si

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13
Q

describe muscularis of stomach

A

3 layers
outer longitudinal
inner circular
Oblique layer - force to mix contents of stomach
makes food stuff acidic = chyme

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14
Q

describe stomach submucosa and serosa

A

dense and loose ct
not thin
serosa= connects stomach to visceral peritoneum

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15
Q

describe pits and glands

A

pits = cells very different from glands, closer to lumen
Glands = base of lumen

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16
Q

describe tight junctions - story of stomach

A

people used to think that tight junctions would erode - degrade and leak stomach acid - causes ulcers
but actually caused by helio bacter pylori
90% of ulcers can be cured by antibiotics
grad student took bacteria and got ulcers and took antibiotics and got better

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17
Q

name ratios for each region of stomach and why

A

cardia =1:1
pyloric = 2:1
gastric = 1:3
ratio based on length/size, guestimation

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18
Q

what is neck region

A

around where pit turns to gland

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19
Q

describe surface mucous cell

A

very important
carbohydrate rich, glycoproteins, describes as visible mucous - due to cloudy appearance
forms a thick viscous gel like coat, mucous super dense and thick, adheres to epithelial surface
high bicarbonate concentration = local buffering
columnar cells
most apical - makes mucous and protects stomach from stomach acid - neutralizes stomach acid at layer of mucosa
tight junctions, desmosomes, mucous granules - carb rich, glycoproetins, rests on bm
mitochondria, nucleus
electron dense

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20
Q

describe mucous neck cells

A

mucous much more soluble - protection
not as viscous or thick
want things to be able. to travel from base of gland to lumen
funnny shape
tight junctions on either side
secretory granules, central nuclei
stil protects from acidic environment of stomach

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21
Q

describe zymogenic - chief/peptic cells

A

tight junctions, bm, central nuclei, lots of er and golgi
Makes hormones or digestive enzymes = secretory granules
converts pepsinogen –> pepsin, breaksdown amino acid bond
makes enzymes to breakdown foot and fat- lipase
releases secretory granules into lumen of gland portion of epithelium
further breakdown in stomach or si - also these cells in si

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22
Q

describe argentaffin - enteroendocrine cells

A

argentaffin bc stain silver
argentaffin granules = gastrin, serotonin, histamine, VIP, glucagon and somatostatin
funky cell
Hard to see in h&E stain
central nuclei - rests on bm
makes hormones responsible for digestive tract
does not release contents into lumen but through bm into digestive tract

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23
Q

describe parietal - oxyntic cells

A

base of gland has many
looks like fried egg
have HCl
tight junctions, rests on bm
canaliculi - run through and have microvili = increase surface area of cell

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24
Q

describe intrinsic factor

A

if none = problem making blood
vitamin b12
pernicious anemia

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25
Q

what are atrophic gastritis

A

antibodies attack parietal cells and no intrinsic factor and b12 absorption = leads to pernicious anemia

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26
Q

describe carbonic anhydrase

A

Parietal cells make hcl that make stomach acid
need carbonic anhydrase to make HCl
enzymes catalyses reaction
carbon dioxide plus water –> carbonic anhydrase (enzyme) –> bicarbonate .. makes HCL

27
Q

describe SI - pathway

A

stomach empties to duodenum = c shaped tube, 30cm, common bile duct dumps contents into start of duodenum
jejunum - 12 feet
ileum - comes around into LI (colon)

28
Q

describe small intestine functions

A

further digestion of partially digested macromolecules - largely by pancreatic enzymes
terminal digestion of proteins, carbs, occurs at mucosal surface by enzymes of intestinal orgin and resulting aas, monosaccarides, fatty acids, monoglycerides are absorbed along si
duodenum, jejunum, ileum - morphological difference at level of submucosa
start to absorb food here

29
Q

what is last part of digestion

A

common bile duct in duodenum and pancreatic enzymes = last part of digestion happens

30
Q

describe duodenum

A

villi - top and crypts - down
crypts of lieberkuhn
increases SA = want to extract stuff from chyme and want cells to come in contact with it
brunners glands

31
Q

describe brunners glands

A

secretes an alkaline fluid - pH 9, rich in bicarbonate
Neutralizes stomach acid at that site
released into crypts
common bile duct = because pancreatic enzymes work at neutral pH

32
Q

describe jejunum

A

eruptions of submucosa push into mucosa
plicae circularis - valve of kerking, eruptions of mucosa
increases surface area = contact with food stuff
need invaginations = crypts and villi
pushes villi up
lined by simple columnar

33
Q

describe ileum

A

basic plan, nothing special

34
Q

describe plicae circularis

A

extend around one half /two thirds of circumference of lumen of si
well developed in jejunum
increases surface area of mucosa by 3

35
Q

describe transition between stomach and si

A

pits change to villi and glands are now submucosal - brunners

36
Q

describe paneth cells

A

base of crypts
release lysozymes, and breakdown bacteria cell wall through Bm
LOTS OF mitosis - many mitotic sections base of crypt - villi, cells divide a lot

37
Q

describe enteroendocrine cells

A

release hormones down under bm
through bm
regulates digestion further away - not in lumen

38
Q

describe goblet cells

A

tons
makes mucous
lubricate and protection - like things getting stuck

39
Q

describe columnar cells with striated border

A

brushborder
looks like brush
cells sloughing off
after 3-4 days
at top of vili

40
Q

describe lamina propria of si

A

loose or dense ct
innervation and blood supply - vessels, used to take absorbed nutrients to other parts of body
lymphatics
smooth muscle = contraction causes villi to move and mix food

41
Q

where are stem cells located in si

A

base of crypts - can divide or differentiate
much turnover in si
digestive tract ~3days

42
Q

name parts of si mucosa - general plan

A

villi - simple columnar
crypts - simple columnar
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

43
Q

explain villi of mucosa of si

A

columnar cell with brush border = absorptive cell, enterocytes
goblet cells
M cells - microfold cells, peyers patches and galt

44
Q

describe enterocytes - meaning

A

things entering through cells

45
Q

describe GALT/peyers patches

A

gut associated lymphatic tissue
introduces pathogens and allows body to make antibodies to it

46
Q

explain crypts of mucosa of si

A

Columnar cell with brush border - absorptive cell
goblet cell
enteroendocrine cells - secrete cck
paneth cell - lysozyme
stem cell

47
Q

what is cck

A

cholecystokinin
contraction of gall bladder and pancreatic secretion
hormone made in duodenum = enteroendocrine cells, passed through bm and goes to gallbladder, = squeezes bile to pancrease to release enzymes for digestion

48
Q

where is food absorbed in si

A

enterocytes

49
Q

describe enterocytes

A

brushborder on top of cell = microvilli - increase sa
tight junctions stick cells together
under tj = zonula adherens and below= desmosomes

50
Q

describe components of enterocytes

A

dense matrix - villin, actin myosin - terminal web
glycoproteins
dissacharides
dipeptidases
alkaline phosphatase
enterokinase - duodenum = trypsinogen to trypsin- breaks down aas - peptide bonds

51
Q

describe microvilli of enterocytes

A

made of actin - links to actin - actin terminal web
actin bundled villin - links actin bundles to pm
underneath = myosin = terminal web
myosin contracts = makes villi move and mixes more

52
Q

what enzymes breakdown food stuff

A

many enzymes
end with ases - into smallest components

53
Q

describe chylomicrons

A

monoglycerides, cholesterol, fatty acids, phospholipids, oils – non aq, want to push through PM - to blood supply = endocytosis and bring to golgi = meets apolipoprotiein - made in rer = chylomicrons
makes its more water soluble and travels through blood to liver where fats are metabolized
hydrophobic inside and hydrophilic outside

54
Q

describe role of si in IgG absorption

A

igg molecules = passive immunity
enterocytes have receptors for these
plasma cells can make antibodies - igas
digestive tract can see what is non self

55
Q

what do M cells do

A

hey something is foreign
takes bacteria and talks through lymphocyte
M cells turn lymphocytes into plasma cells - to make antibodies
Specialized absorptive cells
huge inflammation process

56
Q

what are lymphocytes looking for

A

bacteria

57
Q

describe large intestine - parts

A

si feeds into back of li
cecum - blind pouch, bottom of li
vermiform appendix
ascending, transverse and descending colon
sigmoid colon and rectum

58
Q

are there villi in large intestine

A

noooo just CRYPTS

59
Q

describe tunica muscularis of large intestine

A

3 layers
inner circular
longitudinal = bundles into 3 rd thick muscle layer = contracts more force
outer longitudinal = teniae coli

60
Q

name 4 cell types of large intestine

A

goblet cell
absorptive cell
enteroendocrine cell
stem cells

61
Q

describe goblet cells of large intestine

A

many goblet cells to lubricate colon - thick since everything being absorbed out so need mucous
usually colon cancer starts at level of goblet cells going bad

62
Q

describe absorptive cells of large intestine

A

take up water and salts

63
Q

describe enteroendocrine cells of large intestine

A

regulate movement of colon = squeeze

64
Q

describe stem cells of large intestine

A

stem cells at bottom of crypt = divide or differentiate into cell types above

ANAT 261 (27 decks)

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