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ANAT 261 > Cartilage and bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and bone Flashcards

1
Q

name the things that can affect regulation of cartilage growth

A

stimulate protein synthesis
retard protein synthesis
tumours

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2
Q

describe what stimulates protein synthesis for cartilage growth

A

growth hormone - regulates cartilage growth (leads to bone growth)
thyroid hormone
testosterone

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3
Q

describe what retards protein synthesis for cartilage growth

A

corticosteroids
estradiol
retinoids (vitamin A, reduced growth)

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4
Q

describe what effect tumours have for cartilage growth

A

chondroma
chondrosarcoma
if chondrogenic layer is messed up - leads to tumours (POLARITYYY)

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5
Q

what is one of the hardest tissues of body

A

bone
can withstand lots of stress

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6
Q

what is ecm of bone made of

A

calcified material
type 1 collagen

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7
Q

describe the type 1 collagen of bone - what it does

A

helical structure
length of long bones
allows bones to bend without breaking

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8
Q

name the 4 cell types in bone

A

osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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9
Q

describe osteoprogenitor cells

A

committed stem cells - already on lineage to become osteoblasts, cytes or clasts

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10
Q

describe osteoblasts

A

synthesize organic components of matrix

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11
Q

describe osteocytes

A

found in lacunae - trapped in ecm of bone

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12
Q

describe osteoclasts

A

multinucleated cells
involved in bone resorption (remodelling) - reabsorb calcium in bone
own line of differentiation

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13
Q

what is ecm of bone produced by

A

osteoblasts

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14
Q

describe components of ecm of bone

A

fibers - collagen type 1
ground substance - proteoglycans, glycoproteins
minerals - crystals of hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)

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15
Q

name the 2 glycoproteins found in ecm of bone

A

sialoprotein
osteocalcin

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16
Q

describe histological techniques for bone

A

special technique
called decalcification
5% nitric acid or ETDA treatment
remove calcium from bone so its easier to cut - left with a rubbery material

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17
Q

name the 3 classifications of bone

A

gross appearance
microscopy appearance
development appearance

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18
Q

describe gross appearance of bone

A

compact
cancellous (spongy)

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19
Q

describe microscopy appearance of bone

A

woven (immature)
lamellar (mature)

20
Q

describe development appearance of bone

A

intramembranous- come from membrane of mesenchymal cells
endochondral - ossification of cartilage

21
Q

what is epiphysis and diaphysis

A

epiphysis = top
diaphysis = bottom

22
Q

why is calcium important

A

cofactor for metabolic processes

23
Q

is compact bone mature

A

um yes

24
Q

what do long bones come from

A

cartilage

25
Q

describe periosteum

A

dense irregular ct
forms sheath around bone
fibrocytes - stuck in matrix
collagen type 1 fibers
some osteoprogenitor cells

26
Q

describe outer circumferential system

A

lost of extracellular space
3-4 layers of osteocytes
parallel to periosteum - around bone

27
Q

describe inner circumferential system

A

osteocytes
2-3 layers
on top of endosteum

28
Q

describe endosteum

A

1 layer of osteoprogenitor cells
flat
closest to bone marrow

29
Q

what is system aka

A

lamellae

30
Q

what is an osteon

A

haversian system

31
Q

describe interstitial system

A

between haversian systems
old haversian systems being turned over and uptaken
circular radial pattern

32
Q

describe volkmann’s canal

A

horizontal
drains into bone marrow space

33
Q

describe haversian canal

A

run lengthwise through bones
nerves go through here

34
Q

describe haversian system

A

osteocytes
tunnels run through them

35
Q

describe trabecular bone

A

looks cuboidal
osteoblasts makes ecm and fivers and divide or differentiate to osteocytes that are trapped in matrix
osteoclasts on side - round and big, multiple nuclei, breaks down ca

36
Q

describe precisely where collagen fibers are in bone

A

wrap around haversian systems and interstitial (can be degraded - contents are recycled)
contribute to tensile strength - go up and down

37
Q

how are osteons separated

A

cementin line - made up of protein cementin
goes around osteon and delineates one haversian system from another

38
Q

describe how nutrients pass through osteocytes

A

pass from cell/layers then catabolic material must go back to blood supply so osteocytes can form canaliculi

39
Q

what are canaliculi

A

channels with cellular processes
how nutrients are delivered to osteocytes at cementin line

40
Q

how do osteocytes form canaliculi

A

osteocytes send out cellular processes and tentacles - makes up the canaliculi
bind and communicates with cell in next layer

41
Q

what do osteoclasts first do

A

sit down on bone matrix and fuses - makes ruffle border
makes circumferential clearing zone which protects cell

42
Q

what do lysosomes do (osteoclasts)

A

carry proteins made from nucleus golgi - packaged and lysosomes send their packages (contents) in to zone

43
Q

what else does it (osteoclasts) send out that is important

A

sends out acid phosphatsases - protein made in nucleus RER - packaged by lysosomes and finds its way to zone
packs zone with acid phophatases

44
Q

what happens after area is packed with acid phosphatases

A

cell uses carbonic anhydrase to make area acidic, since acidic phosphotases need an acidic environment to work
pumps H+ into zone, while it ships off bicarb to be removed
makes acidic environment

45
Q

what happens after osteoclasts chew up bone

A

ca gets transported through osteoclasts and up blood stream
blood is being monitored for calcium concentration

ANAT 261 (27 decks)

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