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ANAT 261 > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

what does circulatory system consist of

A

heart - pumps blood
vascular system of afferent and efferent blood vessels

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2
Q

what are efferent vessels

A

arteries that conduct oxygen and nutrients to tissues that diffuse out through capillaries

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3
Q

what are afferent vessels

A

veins which convey to the heart carbon dioxide and waste products of metabolism of tissues

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4
Q

what are lymphatics

A

anastomotic network of vessels that start as blind capillaries which converge into larger lymphatics and drain into large veins

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5
Q

what do lymphatics do

A

conduct lymph
formed by plasma enriched with immunoglobulins and lymphocytes
produced by lymphatic organs
no RBCS

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6
Q

describe pathway of blood from heart and back around

A

heart –> large (elastic) arteries –> muscular arteries –> arterioles –> metarterioles –> capillary network –> post capillary venule –> venules –> medium/small size veins (muscular veins) –> large veins –> heart

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7
Q

describe what can be seen in cross section

A

may find artery and vein as they run parallel
may find artery and vein in same plane of section

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8
Q

describe what can be seen in longitudinal section

A

may find artery and vein in same plane of section
may find only vein or artery if they are not in same plane of section
may find 2 or more profiles of same artery = structures often wavy, like elbow

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9
Q

name layers of general plan of blood vessels

A

intima
media
adventitia

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10
Q

describe intima - general plan

A

endothelium - simple squamous
subendothelial layer
IELM (aka internal elastic lamina)

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11
Q

describe media - general plan

A

elastic membranes - in elastic arteries
smooth muscle cells
reticular fibers
proteoglycans

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12
Q

describe adventitia - general plan

A

dense irregular ct
vasa vasorum
sometimes a poorly defined external elastic lamina may exist near media

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13
Q

describe intima of muscular artery

A

endothelium
subendotheliu layer
IELM - very stained = internal elastic limiting membrane

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14
Q

describe media of muscular artery

A

4 or more concentric layers smooth muscle
thicker in artery
one mm or more in diameter

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15
Q

describe adventita of muscular artery

A

dense irregular ct
vasa vasorum

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16
Q

what are vasa vasorum

A

rich capillary network
blood vessels of the vessels
provides irrigation to half of the media

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17
Q

describe collagen fibers of muscular artery

A

running in different directions
verhoeff’s hematoxylin highlights elastin and elastic fibers

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18
Q

describe middle sized vein - muscular vein (all layers)

A

endothelium
no IELM
incomplete media of smooth muscle - often separated by ct
collapsed lumen
adventitia with vasa vasorum
thinner wall
fibers not distinct

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19
Q

what does endothelium sometimes have

A

tight junctions

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20
Q

describe peculiarities of plane of section for smooth muscle cells

A

in cross section smooth muscle appears longitudinally
in longitudinal section smooth muscle appears cut transversally

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21
Q

what are fenestrations

A

wavy structure like sleeve with holes

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22
Q

describe intima of elastic artery

A

endothelium
subendothelium
IELM

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23
Q

describe media of elastic artery

A

concentric layers of smooth muscle and elastic membranes

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24
Q

describe smooth muscle cells of elastic artery

A

extremities with numerous projections
incomplete BM
contains actin and myosin
contains vimentin instead of desmin as in other smooth muscle cells

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25
Q

describe fenestrated elastic membranes of elastic artery

A

50/60 in humans
5/7 in mouse
Corrugated and hairy elastic fibers due to presence of microfibrils and reticular fibers

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26
Q

describe elastic lamellae of elastic artery

A

not smooth but hairy due to small elastic fibers protruding from lamellae - fibers inserted between smooth muscle cells

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27
Q

describe plane of section of elastic artery

A

most muscle cells cut obliquely, some in cross ot longitudinal
shows their extremities reaching adjacent elastic lamellae

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28
Q

describe the smooth muscle and elastic lamellae of elastic artery

A

smooth muscle cells between fenestrated elastic lamellae
cells are short with pointed extremities attached to elastic lamellae, arranged in groups with different orientations

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29
Q

what do the many smooth muscle cells and many attached elastic lamellae do in elastic artery

A

contribute to solidity and resilience of wall of arteries submitted to strong rhythmic pulsations of heart

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30
Q

describe verhoeff’s hematoxylin

A

stains elastic fibers in black

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31
Q

describe masson’s trichome

A

blue - bright and purple staining

32
Q

describe hart’s technique

A

beige with elastic membranes in darker brown

33
Q

name and describe 2 related diseases

A

aneurysm - elhers danlos syndrome, reticular fibers mutation = causes rupture of digestive organs and aneurysm
Atherosclerosis = infiltration of intima and media with foam cells, macrophages with cholesterol go to initma and pushes endothelium towards center

34
Q

describe large vein

A

no IELM
media = a few layers smooth muscle and no elastic membranes
had intima, media and adventitia

35
Q

describe arterioles

A

IELM mainly absent - some elastic fibers
media = 1-2 layers concentric smooth muscle
diameter = 0.5 rbcs or less

36
Q

describe venules

A

endothelial cell
absent media
collapsed lumen
no smooth muscle
thin layer adventitia
presence of pericytes

37
Q

can we ever see rbcs in blood vessels

A

Sometimes can see them filled with blood - immersion fixation
but if done with perfusion= pushes away all rbcs and causes collasped veins

38
Q

describe metarterioles and post capillary venules

A

capillary network found between
very small and difficult to see
ALWAYS consider plane of section

39
Q

describe intima of arteriole

A

endothelium
thin layer ct with branching elastic fibers oriented longitudinally

40
Q

describe media of arteriole

A

1-2 layers smooth muscle
at sites where arteriole branches into capillaries = smooth muscle cells form pre capillary sphincters which regulate blood flow in capillary network

41
Q

describe adventitia of arteriole

A

thin adventitia
ct fibers or fibrils and fibrocytes

42
Q

where are capillaries found

A

between metarteriole and post capillary venule

43
Q

describe volume of capillaries

A

800 times larger than aorta

44
Q

describe flow of aorta vs capillaries

A

aorta = 320mm/sec
capillary = 0.3mm/sec
slow flow is good = allows metabolic exchange between blood and surrounding tissues
lake within flowing river

45
Q

name 5 functions of capillaries

A

exchange
nutrition
thermoregulation
blood pressure regulation
Inflammation - macrophages/lymphatics

46
Q

describe AV anastomosis

A

helps form blood clot if lose lots of blood = metarterioles lose - helps with blood pressure regulation

47
Q

why do capillaries have structural variations

A

permits different levels of metabolic exchange

48
Q

name classifications of capillaries according to permeability

A

permeable = fenestrated or sinusoids (large and irregular)
or
impermeable or continuous

49
Q

what are capillaries composed of

A

endothelial cell with edges closely opposed to each other

50
Q

describe post capillary venules - gaps

A

leave actual or potential gaps at interfaces of endothelial cells
creates passageways for migration of leukocytes

51
Q

describe post capillary venules - associated with

A

stellate contractile cells (pericytes)
enclosed by BM

52
Q

describe sinusoids and gap

A

large irregular lumen
potential gaps between them permit passage way of wbcs and rbcs

53
Q

are endothelial cells associated with BM - for capillaries

A

not associated with bm but are held in place by a large network of thick reticular fibers

54
Q

describe impermeable or continuous capillaries

A

tight junctions
clathrin coated
contains trans endothelial channels and pinocytic vesicles
no fenestrations
present in nervous tissue, skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle, skin, lung and lymphatic organs

55
Q

describe fenestrated capillaries

A

tight junctions
contains trans endothelial channels
pinocytic vesicles
fenestrations or pores with diaphragms
present in intestinal mucosa, pancreas, salivary glands, endocrine glands, renal glomerulus of kidney
albumin may pass through fenestrations

56
Q

what diffuses freely through all capillaries

A

lipid soluble

57
Q

what passes through trans endothelial channels - capillaries

A

small water soluble molecules < 10 A
ions

58
Q

what passes through vesicles - capillaries

A

molecules up to <90 A

59
Q

what passes through pores - capillaries

A

molecules >90A

60
Q

describe pressures at arterial end and venous end of capillary

A

arterial end = higher bp, higher hydrostatic pressure and lower osmotic pressure = water lost
venous end = low hydrostatic pressure and high osmotic pressure = recovery of water

61
Q

describe lymphatic vessels

A

channels in ct with lymph
very thin endothelial cells - no occluding and gap junctions
no BM associated with endothelium
endothelial cells are anchored to CT fibers = type 1 and 3 collagen, elastic fibers

62
Q

what do small or large lymphatic vessels have

A

valves
folds of wall projecting in lumen
also seen in veins
midsize lymphatics = have valves too and lymphocytes in lumen

63
Q

what do large lymphatic vessels have

A

like thoracic duct
smooth muscle cells in their walls

64
Q

name 4 functions of endothelium

A

permeability - lipid diffuse
metabolic function
Production of vasoactive substances
antithrombogenic function

65
Q

describe metabolic function - endothelium

A

conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
inactivation of bradykinin (a potent stimulator of smooth muscle contraction), serotonin, prostaglandins, norepinephrine, etc

66
Q

describe production of vasoactive substances - endothelium

A

endothelium stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells and nitric oxide relaxes them

67
Q

describe simplified mechanism of action of endothelin

A

phosphatidyl inositol phosphate converted to inositol triphosphate
calcium increase activates myosin light chain kinase and triggers secondary messengers

68
Q

describe simplified mechanism of action of nitric oxide

A

NO stimulates guanylyl cyclase
cyclic GMP
smooth muscle cell relaxes

69
Q

what is endothelin and nitric oxide

A

endothelin = vasoconstriction
nitric oxide = vasodilation

70
Q

describe antithrombogenic function - endothelium

A

thrombi form from a cascade of events that produce fibrin from blood fibrinogen
may grown until there is complete obstruction of local flow
emboli may detach and obstruct distant blood vessels

71
Q

when does blood clotting normally occur

A

when there is damage to a blood vessel

72
Q

describe blood clotting pathway

A

exposure of ct –> platelets immediately adhere to cut edges of vessel –> releases chemical to attract more platelets –> forms platelet plug and external bleeding stops

73
Q

what is fibrin

A

factor Ia
fibrous globular protein involved in clotting of blood

74
Q

describe fibrin

A

formed by action of protease thrombin on fibrinogen which causes it to polymerize
polymerized fibrin together with platelets forms a hemostatic plug or clot over a wound site = occlusion of blood

75
Q

describe muscular artery with atherosclerotic plaque

A

cholesterol oxidizes
macrophages migrate to intima and media of muscular artery
push endothelial cells and they can touch
subdenothelial layer contains thrombin
typically would not happen if good endothelial layer

ANAT 261 (27 decks)

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