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ANAT 261 > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

what does circulatory system consist of

A

heart - pumps blood
vascular system of afferent and efferent blood vessels

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2
Q

what are efferent vessels

A

arteries that conduct oxygen and nutrients to tissues that diffuse out through capillaries

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3
Q

what are afferent vessels

A

veins which convey to the heart carbon dioxide and waste products of metabolism of tissues

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4
Q

what are lymphatics

A

anastomotic network of vessels that start as blind capillaries which converge into larger lymphatics and drain into large veins

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5
Q

what do lymphatics do

A

conduct lymph
formed by plasma enriched with immunoglobulins and lymphocytes
produced by lymphatic organs
no RBCS

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6
Q

describe pathway of blood from heart and back around

A

heart –> large (elastic) arteries –> muscular arteries –> arterioles –> metarterioles –> capillary network –> post capillary venule –> venules –> medium/small size veins (muscular veins) –> large veins –> heart

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7
Q

describe what can be seen in cross section

A

may find artery and vein as they run parallel
may find artery and vein in same plane of section

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8
Q

describe what can be seen in longitudinal section

A

may find artery and vein in same plane of section
may find only vein or artery if they are not in same plane of section
may find 2 or more profiles of same artery = structures often wavy, like elbow

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9
Q

name layers of general plan of blood vessels

A

intima
media
adventitia

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10
Q

describe intima - general plan

A

endothelium - simple squamous
subendothelial layer
IELM (aka internal elastic lamina)

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11
Q

describe media - general plan

A

elastic membranes - in elastic arteries
smooth muscle cells
reticular fibers
proteoglycans

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12
Q

describe adventitia - general plan

A

dense irregular ct
vasa vasorum
sometimes a poorly defined external elastic lamina may exist near media

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13
Q

describe intima of muscular artery

A

endothelium
subendotheliu layer
IELM - very stained = internal elastic limiting membrane

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14
Q

describe media of muscular artery

A

4 or more concentric layers smooth muscle
thicker in artery
one mm or more in diameter

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15
Q

describe adventita of muscular artery

A

dense irregular ct
vasa vasorum

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16
Q

what are vasa vasorum

A

rich capillary network
blood vessels of the vessels
provides irrigation to half of the media

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17
Q

describe collagen fibers of muscular artery

A

running in different directions
verhoeff’s hematoxylin highlights elastin and elastic fibers

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18
Q

describe middle sized vein - muscular vein (all layers)

A

endothelium
no IELM
incomplete media of smooth muscle - often separated by ct
collapsed lumen
adventitia with vasa vasorum
thinner wall
fibers not distinct

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19
Q

what does endothelium sometimes have

A

tight junctions

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20
Q

describe peculiarities of plane of section for smooth muscle cells

A

in cross section smooth muscle appears longitudinally
in longitudinal section smooth muscle appears cut transversally

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21
Q

what are fenestrations

A

wavy structure like sleeve with holes

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22
Q

describe intima of elastic artery

A

endothelium
subendothelium
IELM

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23
Q

describe media of elastic artery

A

concentric layers of smooth muscle and elastic membranes

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24
Q

describe smooth muscle cells of elastic artery

A

extremities with numerous projections
incomplete BM
contains actin and myosin
contains vimentin instead of desmin as in other smooth muscle cells

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25
describe fenestrated elastic membranes of elastic artery
50/60 in humans 5/7 in mouse Corrugated and hairy elastic fibers due to presence of microfibrils and reticular fibers
26
describe elastic lamellae of elastic artery
not smooth but hairy due to small elastic fibers protruding from lamellae - fibers inserted between smooth muscle cells
27
describe plane of section of elastic artery
most muscle cells cut obliquely, some in cross ot longitudinal shows their extremities reaching adjacent elastic lamellae
28
describe the smooth muscle and elastic lamellae of elastic artery
smooth muscle cells between fenestrated elastic lamellae cells are short with pointed extremities attached to elastic lamellae, arranged in groups with different orientations
29
what do the many smooth muscle cells and many attached elastic lamellae do in elastic artery
contribute to solidity and resilience of wall of arteries submitted to strong rhythmic pulsations of heart
30
describe verhoeff's hematoxylin
stains elastic fibers in black
31
describe masson's trichome
blue - bright and purple staining
32
describe hart's technique
beige with elastic membranes in darker brown
33
name and describe 2 related diseases
aneurysm - elhers danlos syndrome, reticular fibers mutation = causes rupture of digestive organs and aneurysm Atherosclerosis = infiltration of intima and media with foam cells, macrophages with cholesterol go to initma and pushes endothelium towards center
34
describe large vein
no IELM media = a few layers smooth muscle and no elastic membranes had intima, media and adventitia
35
describe arterioles
IELM mainly absent - some elastic fibers media = 1-2 layers concentric smooth muscle diameter = 0.5 rbcs or less
36
describe venules
endothelial cell absent media collapsed lumen no smooth muscle thin layer adventitia presence of pericytes
37
can we ever see rbcs in blood vessels
Sometimes can see them filled with blood - immersion fixation but if done with perfusion= pushes away all rbcs and causes collasped veins
38
describe metarterioles and post capillary venules
capillary network found between very small and difficult to see ALWAYS consider plane of section
39
describe intima of arteriole
endothelium thin layer ct with branching elastic fibers oriented longitudinally
40
describe media of arteriole
1-2 layers smooth muscle at sites where arteriole branches into capillaries = smooth muscle cells form pre capillary sphincters which regulate blood flow in capillary network
41
describe adventitia of arteriole
thin adventitia ct fibers or fibrils and fibrocytes
42
where are capillaries found
between metarteriole and post capillary venule
43
describe volume of capillaries
800 times larger than aorta
44
describe flow of aorta vs capillaries
aorta = 320mm/sec capillary = 0.3mm/sec slow flow is good = allows metabolic exchange between blood and surrounding tissues lake within flowing river
45
name 5 functions of capillaries
exchange nutrition thermoregulation blood pressure regulation Inflammation - macrophages/lymphatics
46
describe AV anastomosis
helps form blood clot if lose lots of blood = metarterioles lose - helps with blood pressure regulation
47
why do capillaries have structural variations
permits different levels of metabolic exchange
48
name classifications of capillaries according to permeability
permeable = fenestrated or sinusoids (large and irregular) or impermeable or continuous
49
what are capillaries composed of
endothelial cell with edges closely opposed to each other
50
describe post capillary venules - gaps
leave actual or potential gaps at interfaces of endothelial cells creates passageways for migration of leukocytes
51
describe post capillary venules - associated with
stellate contractile cells (pericytes) enclosed by BM
52
describe sinusoids and gap
large irregular lumen potential gaps between them permit passage way of wbcs and rbcs
53
are endothelial cells associated with BM - for capillaries
not associated with bm but are held in place by a large network of thick reticular fibers
54
describe impermeable or continuous capillaries
tight junctions clathrin coated contains trans endothelial channels and pinocytic vesicles no fenestrations present in nervous tissue, skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle, skin, lung and lymphatic organs
55
describe fenestrated capillaries
tight junctions contains trans endothelial channels pinocytic vesicles fenestrations or pores with diaphragms present in intestinal mucosa, pancreas, salivary glands, endocrine glands, renal glomerulus of kidney albumin may pass through fenestrations
56
what diffuses freely through all capillaries
lipid soluble
57
what passes through trans endothelial channels - capillaries
small water soluble molecules < 10 A ions
58
what passes through vesicles - capillaries
molecules up to <90 A
59
what passes through pores - capillaries
molecules >90A
60
describe pressures at arterial end and venous end of capillary
arterial end = higher bp, higher hydrostatic pressure and lower osmotic pressure = water lost venous end = low hydrostatic pressure and high osmotic pressure = recovery of water
61
describe lymphatic vessels
channels in ct with lymph very thin endothelial cells - no occluding and gap junctions no BM associated with endothelium endothelial cells are anchored to CT fibers = type 1 and 3 collagen, elastic fibers
62
what do small or large lymphatic vessels have
valves folds of wall projecting in lumen also seen in veins midsize lymphatics = have valves too and lymphocytes in lumen
63
what do large lymphatic vessels have
like thoracic duct smooth muscle cells in their walls
64
name 4 functions of endothelium
permeability - lipid diffuse metabolic function Production of vasoactive substances antithrombogenic function
65
describe metabolic function - endothelium
conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II inactivation of bradykinin (a potent stimulator of smooth muscle contraction), serotonin, prostaglandins, norepinephrine, etc
66
describe production of vasoactive substances - endothelium
endothelium stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells and nitric oxide relaxes them
67
describe simplified mechanism of action of endothelin
phosphatidyl inositol phosphate converted to inositol triphosphate calcium increase activates myosin light chain kinase and triggers secondary messengers
68
describe simplified mechanism of action of nitric oxide
NO stimulates guanylyl cyclase cyclic GMP smooth muscle cell relaxes
69
what is endothelin and nitric oxide
endothelin = vasoconstriction nitric oxide = vasodilation
70
describe antithrombogenic function - endothelium
thrombi form from a cascade of events that produce fibrin from blood fibrinogen may grown until there is complete obstruction of local flow emboli may detach and obstruct distant blood vessels
71
when does blood clotting normally occur
when there is damage to a blood vessel
72
describe blood clotting pathway
exposure of ct --> platelets immediately adhere to cut edges of vessel --> releases chemical to attract more platelets --> forms platelet plug and external bleeding stops
73
what is fibrin
factor Ia fibrous globular protein involved in clotting of blood
74
describe fibrin
formed by action of protease thrombin on fibrinogen which causes it to polymerize polymerized fibrin together with platelets forms a hemostatic plug or clot over a wound site = occlusion of blood
75
describe muscular artery with atherosclerotic plaque
cholesterol oxidizes macrophages migrate to intima and media of muscular artery push endothelial cells and they can touch subdenothelial layer contains thrombin typically would not happen if good endothelial layer

ANAT 261 (27 decks)

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