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ANAT 261 > digestive system I and II > Flashcards

digestive system I and II Flashcards

1
Q

what does digestive system consist of

A

digestivetract (oral cavity, pharinge, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines & Rectum-terminal partof LI)
associated glands (salivary glands, liver and pancreas)

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2
Q

what is function of digestive system

A

obtain from ingested food the metabolites for growth & energy requirements before being stored (in fat) or used as energy, the food must be digested and transformed into small (mini) molecules that can be easily absorbed through lining of digestive tract

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3
Q

which enzymes are in stomach and small intestines

A

both digest food
stomach - stomach enzymes
small intestine - pancreatic enzymes

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4
Q

describe first step of digestion

A

occurs in mouth
where food is moistened by saliva and ground by teeth into smaller pieces
saliva also initiates digestion of carbohydrates - sugars - not much since food isnt in mouth for long

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5
Q

what is oral cavity lined with

A

non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and lamina propria of loose ct = oral mucosa

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6
Q

describe lp of oral cavity

A

transitions to keratinized at level of lip
lp is coontinous with submucosa of denser ct with diffuse small salivary glands - serous or mucous

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7
Q

describe gingiva

A

parakeratinized
skin on external aspect of lip is orthokeratinized - rest of oral mucosa = nonkeratinized

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8
Q

where does oral mucosa start

A

starts in inner aspect of lip = covers all internal parts - reflected at level of tongue and bones

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9
Q

describe area of gingiva

A

gingival suculus
mucosa very folded interdigitating with lamina propria
small area covers part of tip and crown

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10
Q

describe oral mucosa

A

non keratinized stratified squamous
superficial layer - ct of flat cells - squamous
no stratum granulosum or cornuem
mid layer = polygonal or multisided cells
stratum basal = basal layer, cuboidal or columnar

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11
Q

describe tongue

A

mass of striated muscle covered by layer of oral mucosa
muscle fibers are usually cut in the 3 planes of section
mucosa = nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium and a lamina propria strongly attached to muscles
dorsal surface is irregular due to presence of small eminences called papillae

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12
Q

name the 2 tonsils

A

palatine tonsil
lingual tonsil
both lymphoid tissue

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13
Q

name the 3 kinds of papilla

A

fungiform
filiform
Circumvallate

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14
Q

describe fungiform papilla

A

smaller mushroom like at base of protrusions
narrow stalk
covered by oral mucosa

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15
Q

describe circumvallate papilla

A

at base of tongue, inverted v shape, 10-18, most important
lp of loose ct
plunge in mucosa = creates groove spaces = where taste buds are
sruface covered by oral mucosa- base of peithelium very folded
von ebners glands

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16
Q

describe von ebner’s glands

A

collection of serous acinus
secretion of lipase
activate in stomach
duct opens at base of circumvallate papilla

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17
Q

describe filiform papilla

A

tongue not smooth due to these
lp = loose ct
pointy, 1-2 tips
covered by oral mucosa
submucosa = dense irregular ct, glands, striated skeletal muscle
sometimes keratin found at tip

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18
Q

name parts of taste bud

A

sensory pale cells - type 2
supporting cells - type 1
afferent fibers and schwann cell
basal cells - type 4
type 3 - intermediate cells

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19
Q

describe sensory pale cells - type 2 of taste bud

A

most are these cells
Synapse with nerve afferent fibers
columnar - start at bm and end at level of pore = small opening, allows food to come into contact with digestive contents, allows food and chemicals to contact
has microvilli on top

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20
Q

describe supporting cells - type 1 of taste bud

A

dark cells

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21
Q

describe afferent fibers and schwann cell of taste bud

A

sensory cells synapse with afferent fibers - not axons or dendrites
when pieces of food - chemical of food like glutamate - causes action potential that is transmitted to nerve afferents, which are covered by schwann cells but do not form myelin
nerve transmits action potential to brain via facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve, takes info to brain and back to mouth

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22
Q

describe basal cells - type 4
of taste bud

A

short cells
stem cell precursors

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23
Q

describe of taste bud type 3 - intermediate cells

A

4th type of cell
not shown

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24
Q

name and describe taste bud mutations

A

familial dysautomia = lack of taste sensation & dsgeusia not life threatening but causes nutrition issues, especially in babies (since will not like food)
how to know if have it? =
phenylthiocarbamide (ptc) -bitter substance =puts drop of it in babies mouth & if baby has normal taste sensation they will frown

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25
Q

describe qualities of taste perceptions and aspects of taste

A

saltiness
sweetness
sourness
bitterness
umami
taste map is wrong- taste is equally distributed everywhere
taste buds are in palate, circumvallate papillae and a few in fungiform papillae - in animals = no tastes buds in fungiform

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26
Q

describe function of salivary gland

A

wet and lubricate oral cavity and its contents
initiate digestion of
carbs - not much since short time
secrete amylase - destroys glycogen
lysozyme - destroy bacterial wall
IgA - control germs in mouth
lactoferrin - sequester iron needed for protein synthesis so germs will not multiply

flora regulation

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27
Q

name the salivary glands

A

parotid - mainly serous
submandibular - serous and serous mucous
sublingual gland -mainly mucous - sometimes serous too

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28
Q

what are the salivary glands

A

compound acinar
branches, and mainly acini, could be tubular

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29
Q

describe division of salivary glands

A

capsule = ct, subdivides into lobes
interlobar ct and ducts = between loves
thin subdivisions of lobe into smaller compartments = lobules
interlobular ct and duct = ct, smaller, between lobules

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30
Q

describe parotid gland

A

well stained acinus
no mucous
bit basophilic

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31
Q

describe submandibular gland

A

mixed acini
serous demilunes
no myoepithelial cells for mucous
cells for mucous = bigger, more pyramidal, nuclei compressed against base of cell, does not stain well since has many glycoproteins

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32
Q

describe sublingual gland

A

mucous acini
not well stained, due to cytoplasm
nuclei pushed up against base
not much ct
striated intralobular duct = continuous as read end = intercalated duct in longitudinal section, very tiny, cells become cuboidal

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33
Q

what are intercalated and striated ducts

A

intralobular ducts

34
Q

describe serous cell

A

thinner proteinaceous secretion = watery
zymogenic granules - secretory granules, pyramidal, round nucleus
much ER at base, prominent golgi

35
Q

describe mucous cell

A

columnar shape
active when stressed during exam
viscous carbohydrate rich, produce mucin, much thicker glycoprotein

36
Q

describe teeth of humans

A

2 sets of teeth= diphyodonty
baby or deciduous = 20 teeth
permanent dentition = 32 teeth
upper maxillary and lower mandibular teeth form 2 dental arches
each arch symmetrically divided into 2 quadrants

37
Q

how many of each tooth does baby and adult have

A

center incisors = 1, 1
lateral incisors = 1, 1
canines = 1,1
premolars = 0,2
molars = 2,3
x4 because 4 quadrants

38
Q

describe mucogingival junction

A

epithelium attaches to enamel, plaque formed here
Attachment of gingiva to enamel, if bacteria get in = can compromise periodontal ligament = can lose tooth

39
Q

how is tooth suspended

A

in pocket of alveolar bone
root of tooth suspended by periodontal ligament - goes from cementum to alveolar bone

40
Q

describe enamel

A

very hard tissue

41
Q

describe clinical crown

A

visual crown
very acidophilic

42
Q

describe anatomical crown

A

real crown from start of enamel

43
Q

describe pulp

A

middle of root
loose ct
many blood vessels and nerve terminals - provide vitality to tooth

44
Q

describe odontoblasts

A

linning inner aspect of root
Synthesizes dentin

45
Q

describe cementum

A

contains cementocytes - hard tissue, trapped in lacunae
synthesizes cementin

46
Q

describe epithelium of tooth

A

from stratified squamous non keratinized to parakeratinized as approaching gingiva - transitions

47
Q

describe enamel - tooth composition

A

99% inorganic matrix - practically mineral
hardest tissue
Hydroxyapatite
1% proteins, enamelins, amelogenins, water

48
Q

describe dentin - tooth composition

A

70% inorganic matrix, 30% organic matrix
proteins, proteoglycans - collagen type 1
Similar to bone in mineral composition

49
Q

describe decalcification

A

for sectionning and staining
5% nitric acid - dangerous so now use 250nM EDTA = calcium trapper, looks like rubber after
enamel is gone now

50
Q

what are sharpeys fibers

A

collagen type 1 fibers
from periodontal ligament penetrating periosteum and cementum

51
Q

what do odontoblasts do

A

odontoblasts synthesized dentin, line layer of dentin
withdraw to center of pulp and space becomes smaller and smaller as get older

52
Q

Describe predentin

A

not calcified and paler
more acidophilic = if calcified, becomes dentin

53
Q

describe processes of odontoblasts

A

long processes of cells that go all the way either to cementum at level of root or enamel at level of crown, looks columnar but not
synthesized in ecm = processes of odontoblasts, become canaliculi of odontoblasts, technically modified sensory cells since odontoblasts derived from nerve cells = why temp produces pain for teeth,
canaliculi contain processes of odontoblasts

54
Q

describe a cavity

A

bacteria penetrate via canaliculi
if reach pulp = worse, inflammation of pulp = pulpitis, not good
root canal treatment = pulp must be leaned, dont want cavity to reach dentin

55
Q

describe step 1 of tooth formation

A

neuroectoderm cells migrate from neural crest
go from ct under arch and causes stimulation of epithelium to undergo mitosis - divide more and start invading ct

56
Q

what is stomadeum

A

pocket cavity all surrounded. by ectoderm
all mouth forms from this, developing tongue and including teeth

57
Q

describe step 2 of tooth formation

A

neuroectoderm cells induce formation of epithelial tooth buds - 10 future baby/deciduous teeth = 20 epithelial tooth buds, since there is also 10 above at level of maxilla

58
Q

describe neuroectoderm

A

cells at level of neural crest or plate - has 2 layers like tube
some cells penetrate through mesoderm and reach stomadeum region
stomadeum = space with ectoderm located between pericardium - around developing heart and developing brain

59
Q

describe step 3 of tooth formation

A

epithelial structure - oral ectoderm - will form future enamel organ

60
Q

describe step 4 of tooth formation

A

neuroectoderm cells mix with mesoderm cells and form neural crest mesoderm
eventually neural ectoderm cells will differentiate into odontoblasts

61
Q

describe step 5 of tooth formation

A

future enamel organ remains connected to oral ectoderm by dental lamina and orginates a second second bud for permanent tooth
will undergo same steps as later on

62
Q

describe step 6 of tooth formation

A

cells of enamel organ differentiate into define layers = inner and outer dental epithelium
ode = connected to ectoderm by dental lamin
IDE = thinner, cells become columnar, later = makes enamel
some cells form stratum intermedium and some will be inbetween stratum intermedium and ODE

63
Q

describe step 7 of tooth formation

A

some of neural crest mesoderm - mainly neuro crest ectoderm cells - start differentiating into odontoblasts

64
Q

what is SR and SI

A

stellate reticulum = star like cells
stratum intermedium = layer of cuboidal epithelial cells

65
Q

describe ode

A

connected to dental lamina that is connected to ectoderm

66
Q

describe ide

A

columnar
synthesizes enamel

67
Q

describe step 8 of tooth formation

A

in addition to ode and ide - enamel organ differentiates into si and sr

68
Q

describe step 9 of tooth formation

A

ide is formed by ameloblasts (differentiates into)
which synthesize enamel
crown shapes at bell stage - future shape of crown

69
Q

describe step 10 of tooth formation

A

cervical loop marks position of neck of tooth - crown root junction
= where root will grow
recruits ameloblasts- synthesize enamel and will become layer of odontoblasts = synthesizes dentin

70
Q

describe step 11 of tooth formation

A

odontoblasts become aligned and primitive dental papilla - future pulp - is formed

71
Q

describe step 12 of tooth formation

A

junction of ide and odontoblasts marks dentino enamel junction
from this point on = odontoblasts grow inwardly
ide does not form enamel in this region - involved in recruitment of odontoblasts for future root
ameloblasts continuous with ide
odontoblasts synthesize predentin and then dentin

72
Q

describe step 13 of tooth formation

A

ode and ide eventually disappear (deteriorates and dies) and odotoblasts induce mesenchyme to form cementoblasts and cementum

73
Q

describe step 14 of tooth formation

A

forming tooth is within a pocket of alveolar bone
between bone and cementum the periodontal ligament is formed

74
Q

describe step 15 of tooth formation

A

baby tooth functions until 5-6 years of age

75
Q

describe step 16 of tooth formation

A

permanent tooth awaits further development until baby tooth is scheduled to fall out

76
Q

describe step 17 of tooth formation

A

Permanent tooth develops in same way as baby tooth

77
Q

describe step 18 of tooth formation

A

odontoclasts - osteoclasts
erode root of baby tooth and new permanent tooth grows as root of baby tooth is eroded

78
Q

describe dentinoenamel junction

A

future root- dentin joins enamel - from this point = future root
becomes dentino-enamel junction = called ide not ameloblasts anymore

79
Q

what are tomes processes.

A

on ameloblasts
during synthesis of enamel ameloblast moves away from dentin and forms a project surrounded by developing enamel - gives ameloblasts a fence look under microscope

80
Q

what are odontoblast processes called

A

tome’s fibers or tomes fibrils
located in dentinal tubule

ANAT 261 (27 decks)

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