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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

the external opening into the nasal cavity

A

external nares

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2
Q

lies posterior to the nasal cavity & extends to the ______

A
  1. nasopharynx
    2.soft palate
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3
Q

Nasopharynx houses the?

A

pharyngeal tonsils or adenoid

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4
Q

How many openings does nasopharynx have?

A

5

2- internal nares
2 openings to eustachian tube
1-oropharynx

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5
Q

receives air from the nasal cavity along w/ contaminated mucus

A

nasopharynx

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6
Q

Respiratory mucosa and nasopharynx consists of?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epith

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7
Q

Oropharynx contains?

A

2 palatine and 2 lingual tonsils

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8
Q

connects with both the esophagus (where food & drink enters) and the larynx (where air enters)

A

laryngopharynx

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9
Q

often called the voice box

A

larynx

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10
Q

larynx connects with pharynx and ?

A

trachea

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11
Q

short tube of cartilage lined by mucous membrane

A

larynx

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12
Q

the largest of the laryngeal cartilages forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is called the Adam’s apple

A

thyroid cartilage

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13
Q

forms the inferior wall of larynx

A

cricoid cartilage

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14
Q

is the landmark for making an emergency airway called a tracheostomy

A

cricoid cartilage

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15
Q

emergency airway?

A

tracheostomy

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16
Q

is a leaf-like flap of cartilage w/c protects the superior opening of the larynx

A

epiglottis

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17
Q

the “guardian of the airways”

A

epiglottis

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18
Q

vocal folds is also called?

A

true vocal cords

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19
Q

a pair of tissue folds which aid in the creation of sound

A

vocal folds

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20
Q

greater _____ produces louder sound

A

pressure

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21
Q

controls the pitch of the sounds

A

tension in the vocal folds

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22
Q

high tension: high ______

A

pitch

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23
Q

men have _____ &_____ longer vocal cords thus have lower voice pitch

A

thicker and longer

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24
Q

what innervates the muscles attached to the larynx for speaking

A

Cranial X: Vagus Nerve

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25
Q

the slit-like passageway between the vocal folds

A

glottis

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26
Q

vestibular folds is also called as ?

A

false vocal cords

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27
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: vestibular folds is involved in producing sound.

A

FALSE

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28
Q

its movement, along w/ the vocal folds, regulates the flow of air into & out of the glottis

A

vestibular folds

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29
Q

is the main airway to enter the lungs

A

trachea

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30
Q

trachea is also called

A

windpipe

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31
Q

trachea is located _____ to the esophagus

A

anterior

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32
Q

extends from the larynx to the _______where it divides into right & left primary bronchi

A

upper part of T5

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33
Q

Trachea is lined with _______

A

mucous membrane

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34
Q

Trachea’s mucous membrane consist of _______

A

ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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35
Q

its cartilage layer consists of _______of cartilage stocked one on top of another

A

c-shaped rings

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36
Q

are branches of the trachea that enter the lungs; similar to the trachea in structure

A

left and right primary bronchi

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37
Q

The right primary bronchus is more ___ than left

A

VErtical
WIder
SHorter

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38
Q

the internal ridge at the point where the trachea divides into right & left primary bronchi

A

carina

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39
Q

2 left & 3 right branches of the primary bronchi leading to the lobes of each lung

A

secondary bronchi

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40
Q

divide several times giving rise to smaller bronchioles

A

tertiary bronchi

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41
Q

refers to the further branching of the
bronchi

A

bronchial tree

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42
Q

structural changes occur as the branching becomes ______: the amount of cartilage ______& the amount of smooth muscle ______

A

extensive
decreases
increases

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43
Q

influenced by the autonomic nervous
system

A

smooth muscle

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44
Q

when the smooth muscle is contracted?

A

bronchoconstriction

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45
Q

when the smooth muscle is relaxed?

A

bronchodilation

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46
Q

are smaller tubes that branch from tertiary bronchi

A

bronchioles

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47
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: bronchioles have no cartilage present in their walls and is only supported by smooth muscle

A

TRUE

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48
Q

are microscopic & are the smallest of the bronchioles w/c terminate into the respiratory zone structures

A

terminal bronchioles

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49
Q

lungs extend from the _____ to slightly above the _____

A

diaphragm to clavicles

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50
Q

are spongy, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity

A

lungs

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51
Q

lungs is protected by the

A

rib cage

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52
Q

a double-layered serous membrane that encloses & protects each lung

A

pleura

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53
Q

the outer layer attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity & diaphragm

A

parietal pleura

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54
Q

the inner layer directly attached to the lungs

A

visceral pleura

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55
Q

the narrow space between the 2 pleurae containing pleural fluid secreted by the membranes

A

pleural cavity

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56
Q

a slippery, lubricating serous fluid which prevents friction & keeps the pleurae together during breathing

A

pleural fluid

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57
Q

the broad inferior portion of the lungs w/c rests on the diaphragm

A

base

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58
Q

the narrow superior portion of the lungs w/c is located just deep to the ____

A
  1. apex
  2. clavicle
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59
Q

the indentation in the left lung, where the heart lies

A

cardiac notch

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60
Q

divides the left lung into superior & inferior lobes

A

oblique fissure

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61
Q

divide the right lung into superior, middle, & inferior lobes

A

oblique and horizontal fissures

62
Q

an indentation on the medial surface of each lung, where the primary bronchus & the pulmonary artery & veins enter the lung

A

hilus

63
Q

are microscopic tubes which branch out from the terminal bronchioles

A

respiratory bronchioles

64
Q

branch out from the respiratory bronchioles

A

alveolar ducts

65
Q

alveolar ducts are surrounded by?

A

alveoli

66
Q

are arranged in sacs w/c are surrounded by a network of pulmonary capillaries

A

alveoli

67
Q

the functional unit of the lungs

A

alveoli

68
Q

What are the alveolar cells?

A

Alveolar type I cells
Alveolar type II cells
Alveolar macrophages

69
Q

Alveolar type I cells is also called

A

Type I pneumocytes

70
Q

most abundant alveolar cells

A

Alveolar type I cells

71
Q

are simple squamous epithelial cells w/c make up the walls of alveoli

A

alveolar type I cells

72
Q

help form the respiratory membrane w/c is the main site for gas exchange

A

alveolar type I cells

73
Q

are cuboidal epithelial cells w/c secrete alveolar fluid that coats & keeps the surface between the cells & the air moist

A

alveolar type II cells

74
Q

a detergent-like substance that reduces surface tension within the alveoli; without this, the inner walls of an alveolus would stick together during exhalation

A

surfactant

75
Q

are phagocytes that remove foreign material from the alveolar spaces that may not have been swept out by the ciliated epithelium of the bronchial tree

A

alveolar macrophages

76
Q

is the flow of air bet. the atmosphere & the alveoli of the lungs

A

pulmonary ventilation

77
Q

flow of air will occur due to differences in

A

air pressure

78
Q

in pulmonary ventilation, the air flows from the area of

A

higher pressure to the area of lower pressure

79
Q

a person _____ when the pressure inside the lungs is less than the atmospheric air pressure

A

inhales

80
Q

a person _____ out when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the atmospheric air pressure

A

exhales

81
Q

Pulmonary ventilation operate by?

A

Boyle’s Law

82
Q

the pressure of a gas is inversely related to its volume; so when the volume of a gas increases the pressure decreases, & vice versa.

A

boyle’s law

83
Q

dome-shaped skeletal muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity

A

diaphragm

84
Q

contracts when it receives nerve impulses from the

A

phrenic nerves

85
Q

when it contracts, the dome _____ & _____ causing an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity

A

descends and flattens

86
Q

when it relaxes, the dome raises, then the volume of the thoracic cavity is _____

A

decreases

87
Q

when contracted, they pull the ribs upward & outward, further increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity

A

external intercostals

88
Q

when contracted, they pull the ribs downward & inward, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity

A

internal intercostals

89
Q

only come to play during deep, labored breathing

A

accessory muscles

90
Q

Accessory muscles include?

A

sternocleidomastoid and abdominal muscles

91
Q

During the inspiration, the ____ and ______ contract

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

92
Q

during the inspiration, the ______ drops below atmospheric pressure

A

alveolar pressure

93
Q

during the expiration, the diaphragm and external intercostals ______

A

relaxes

94
Q

during the expiration, the ____________ organs recoil

A

chest, lungs, and abdominal organs

95
Q

during the expiration, the the thoracic cavity contracts & its volume _____

A

decreases

96
Q

What is the alveolar pressure in expiration?

A

762 mmHg

97
Q

Expiration is a _____ process

A

passive

98
Q

during forceful breathing, internal intercostals, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, & rectus abdominis contract to move the lower ribs downward and compress the abdominal viscera

A

Expiration

99
Q

the process of measuring the volume of air that moves into & out of the respiratory system

A

spirometry

100
Q

provides information about the health of the lungs

A

spirometry

101
Q

the device used in spirometry

A

spirometer

102
Q

the amount of air involved in one normal inhalation & exhalation

A

tidal volume

500 mL

103
Q

_____ of tidal volume stays in the respiratory passages which is termed as _______

A

30%

anatomic dead space

104
Q

the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in 1 minute

A

Minute respiratory volume

105
Q

What is the average range of minute respiratory volume?

A

12 to 20 minute

106
Q

the amount of air, beyond tidal volume, that can be taken in with the deepest possible inhalation.

A

inspiratory reserve volume

average 2,000 - 3,000

107
Q

the amount of air, beyond tidal volume, that can be expelled with the most forceful exhalation.

A

expiratory reserve volume

108
Q

is the sum of the tidal, inspiratory reserve & expiratory reserve volumes

A

vital capacity

109
Q

is the amount of air involved in the deepest inhalation followed by the most forceful exhalation

A

vitalmcapacity

average 3,5000- 5,000

110
Q

is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful exhalation

A

residual volume

111
Q

the unit of measurement used for the
concentration of a gas

A

partial pressure

112
Q

refers to the partial pressure of O2 in alveolar air, blood or interstitial fluid

A

paO2

113
Q

refers to the partial pressure of CO2 in alveolar air, blood or interstitial fluid

A

paCO2

114
Q

during the external respiration, the exchange of gases is in?

A

alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

115
Q

Where is the exchange of gases during the internal respiration?

A

systemic capillaries and tissues

116
Q

External respiration is also called

A

pulmonary gas exchange

117
Q

O2 & hemoglobin bind in an easily
reversible reaction to form

A

oxyhemoglobin

118
Q

O2 is released from hemoglobin when

A

there is low paO2 and high paCO2 in the tissues
acidic environment
temperatures are high

119
Q

in carbon dioxide transport 23% is bound to hemoglobin as

A

carbaminohemoglobin

120
Q

the enzyme that drives the formation of carbonic acid

A

carbonic anhydraseb

121
Q

carbonic acid disassociates into

A

hydrogen ions and HCO3-

122
Q

HCO3- moves out into the blood plasma &
transported to the

A

pulmonary capillaries

123
Q

At the pulmonary capillaries, the carbon dioxide is:

A

dissolved in plasma then diffuses into alveolar air
combined with hemoglobin splits and diffuses into the alveoli

124
Q

areas from which nerve impulses are
sent to the respiratory muscles

A

respiratory centers

125
Q

respiratory centers are located in the _________

A

medulla and pons

126
Q

establishes the basic rhythm of
breathing

A

inspiratory center

127
Q

automatically generates impulses in rhythmic spurts

A

inspiratory center

128
Q

depress the inspiration center which helps prevent overinflation of the lungs

A

hering-breuer inflation reflex

129
Q

impulses cause the contraction of the internal intercostals & abdominal muscles, which decreases the size of the thoracic cavity causing forceful exhalation

A

expiratory center

130
Q

sends inhibitory nerve impulses to the inspiratory area, limiting inhalation & facilitating exhalation

located in the upper pons

A

pneumotaxic area

131
Q

sends impulses to the inspiratory area that activate it and prolong inhalation

located in the lower pons

A

apneustic area

132
Q

this allows emotional stimuli to alter respirations

A

hypothalamus and limbic system

133
Q

are receptors that detect changes in
blood gases and pH

A

chemoreceptors

134
Q

chemoreceptors send sensory input to the ______ and alter respiration

A

medulla

135
Q

respond to changes in H+ level or paCO2 or both, in cerebrospinal fluid

A

central chemoreceptors

136
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors are located within _______ and ________

A

aortic arch and common carotid arteries

137
Q

sensitive to changes in paO2, H+ & paCO2 in the blood

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

138
Q

refers to thenflow of air into and out of the lungs

A

ventilation

139
Q

is gas exchange bet. the alveoli & the blood in pulmonary capillaries

A

external respiration

140
Q

is gas exchange bet. the tissue cells & the blood in the systemic capillaries

A

internal respiration

141
Q

filter, warm, & moisten air and conduct it into the lungs

A

conducting zone

142
Q

consists of tubes & tissues within the lungs where actual gas exchange occurs

A

respiratory zone

143
Q

what is in respiratory zone?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

144
Q

consists of bone & cartilage covered with skin & lined with mucous membrane

A

external portion

145
Q

is continuous with the pharynx posteriorly

A

internal portion

146
Q

nasal cavity its roof is the ___ and its floor is the ____

A

ethmoid
hard palate

147
Q

cilia move the contaminated mucus toward the pharynx, where it is spitted out or swallowed & destroyed by the stomach’s digestive juices

A

respiratory mucosa

148
Q

mucus secreted by the _______ moisten the inspired air & filter it by trapping foreign debris

A

goblet cells

149
Q

houses the olfactory receptors

A

olfactory mucosa

150
Q

main function is to increase surface area & air turbulence to effectively warm, moisten & filter inspired air

A

nasal conchae

151
Q

what are the functions of pharynx?

A

passageway, resonating chambers, houses the tonsils

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (11 decks)

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