Respiratory System Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
the external opening into the nasal cavity
A
external nares
2
Q
lies posterior to the nasal cavity & extends to the ______
A
- nasopharynx
2.soft palate
3
Q
Nasopharynx houses the?
A
pharyngeal tonsils or adenoid
4
Q
How many openings does nasopharynx have?
A
5
2- internal nares
2 openings to eustachian tube
1-oropharynx
5
Q
receives air from the nasal cavity along w/ contaminated mucus
A
nasopharynx
6
Q
Respiratory mucosa and nasopharynx consists of?
A
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epith
7
Q
Oropharynx contains?
A
2 palatine and 2 lingual tonsils
8
Q
connects with both the esophagus (where food & drink enters) and the larynx (where air enters)
A
laryngopharynx
9
Q
often called the voice box
A
larynx
10
Q
larynx connects with pharynx and ?
A
trachea
11
Q
short tube of cartilage lined by mucous membrane
A
larynx
12
Q
the largest of the laryngeal cartilages forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is called the Adam’s apple
A
thyroid cartilage
13
Q
forms the inferior wall of larynx
A
cricoid cartilage
14
Q
is the landmark for making an emergency airway called a tracheostomy
A
cricoid cartilage
15
Q
emergency airway?
A
tracheostomy
16
Q
is a leaf-like flap of cartilage w/c protects the superior opening of the larynx
A
epiglottis
17
Q
the “guardian of the airways”
A
epiglottis
18
Q
vocal folds is also called?
A
true vocal cords
19
Q
a pair of tissue folds which aid in the creation of sound
A
vocal folds
20
Q
greater _____ produces louder sound
A
pressure
21
Q
controls the pitch of the sounds
A
tension in the vocal folds
22
Q
high tension: high ______
A
pitch
23
Q
men have _____ &_____ longer vocal cords thus have lower voice pitch
A
thicker and longer
24
Q
what innervates the muscles attached to the larynx for speaking
A
Cranial X: Vagus Nerve
25
the slit-like passageway between the vocal folds
glottis
26
vestibular folds is also called as ?
false vocal cords
27
TRUE OR FALSE: vestibular folds is involved in producing sound.
FALSE
28
its movement, along w/ the vocal folds, regulates the flow of air into & out of the glottis
vestibular folds
29
is the main airway to enter the lungs
trachea
30
trachea is also called
windpipe
31
trachea is located _____ to the esophagus
anterior
32
extends from the larynx to the _______where it divides into right & left primary bronchi
upper part of T5
33
Trachea is lined with _______
mucous membrane
34
Trachea’s mucous membrane consist of _______
ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
35
its cartilage layer consists of _______of cartilage stocked one on top of another
c-shaped rings
36
are branches of the trachea that enter the lungs; similar to the trachea in structure
left and right primary bronchi
37
The right primary bronchus is more ___ than left
VErtical
WIder
SHorter
38
the internal ridge at the point where the trachea divides into right & left primary bronchi
carina
39
2 left & 3 right branches of the primary bronchi leading to the lobes of each lung
secondary bronchi
40
divide several times giving rise to smaller bronchioles
tertiary bronchi
41
refers to the further branching of the
bronchi
bronchial tree
42
structural changes occur as the branching becomes ______: the amount of cartilage ______& the amount of smooth muscle ______
extensive
decreases
increases
43
influenced by the autonomic nervous
system
smooth muscle
44
when the smooth muscle is contracted?
bronchoconstriction
45
when the smooth muscle is relaxed?
bronchodilation
46
are smaller tubes that branch from tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
47
TRUE OR FALSE: bronchioles have no cartilage present in their walls and is only supported by smooth muscle
TRUE
48
are microscopic & are the smallest of the bronchioles w/c terminate into the respiratory zone structures
terminal bronchioles
49
lungs extend from the _____ to slightly above the _____
diaphragm to clavicles
50
are spongy, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity
lungs
51
lungs is protected by the
rib cage
52
a double-layered serous membrane that encloses & protects each lung
pleura
53
the outer layer attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity & diaphragm
parietal pleura
54
the inner layer directly attached to the lungs
visceral pleura
55
the narrow space between the 2 pleurae containing pleural fluid secreted by the membranes
pleural cavity
56
a slippery, lubricating serous fluid which prevents friction & keeps the pleurae together during breathing
pleural fluid
57
the broad inferior portion of the lungs w/c rests on the diaphragm
base
58
the narrow superior portion of the lungs w/c is located just deep to the ____
1. apex
2. clavicle
59
the indentation in the left lung, where the heart lies
cardiac notch
60
divides the left lung into superior & inferior lobes
oblique fissure
61
divide the right lung into superior, middle, & inferior lobes
oblique and horizontal fissures
62
an indentation on the medial surface of each lung, where the primary bronchus & the pulmonary artery & veins enter the lung
hilus
63
are microscopic tubes which branch out from the terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
64
branch out from the respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
65
alveolar ducts are surrounded by?
alveoli
66
are arranged in sacs w/c are surrounded by a network of pulmonary capillaries
alveoli
67
the functional unit of the lungs
alveoli
68
What are the alveolar cells?
Alveolar type I cells
Alveolar type II cells
Alveolar macrophages
69
Alveolar type I cells is also called
Type I pneumocytes
70
most abundant alveolar cells
Alveolar type I cells
71
are simple squamous epithelial cells w/c make up the walls of alveoli
alveolar type I cells
72
help form the respiratory membrane w/c is the main site for gas exchange
alveolar type I cells
73
are cuboidal epithelial cells w/c secrete alveolar fluid that coats & keeps the surface between the cells & the air moist
alveolar type II cells
74
a detergent-like substance that reduces surface tension within the alveoli; without this, the inner walls of an alveolus would stick together during exhalation
surfactant
75
are phagocytes that remove foreign material from the alveolar spaces that may not have been swept out by the ciliated epithelium of the bronchial tree
alveolar macrophages
76
is the flow of air bet. the atmosphere & the alveoli of the lungs
pulmonary ventilation
77
flow of air will occur due to differences in
air pressure
78
in pulmonary ventilation, the air flows from the area of
higher pressure to the area of lower pressure
79
a person _____ when the pressure inside the lungs is less than the atmospheric air pressure
inhales
80
a person _____ out when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the atmospheric air pressure
exhales
81
Pulmonary ventilation operate by?
Boyle’s Law
82
the pressure of a gas is inversely related to its volume; so when the volume of a gas increases the pressure decreases, & vice versa.
boyle’s law
83
dome-shaped skeletal muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity
diaphragm
84
contracts when it receives nerve impulses from the
phrenic nerves
85
when it contracts, the dome _____ & _____ causing an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity
descends and flattens
86
when it relaxes, the dome raises, then the volume of the thoracic cavity is _____
decreases
87
when contracted, they pull the ribs upward & outward, further increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
external intercostals
88
when contracted, they pull the ribs downward & inward, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
internal intercostals
89
only come to play during deep, labored breathing
accessory muscles
90
Accessory muscles include?
sternocleidomastoid and abdominal muscles
91
During the inspiration, the ____ and ______ contract
diaphragm and external intercostals
92
during the inspiration, the ______ drops below atmospheric pressure
alveolar pressure
93
during the expiration, the diaphragm and external intercostals ______
relaxes
94
during the expiration, the ____________ organs recoil
chest, lungs, and abdominal organs
95
during the expiration, the the thoracic cavity contracts & its volume _____
decreases
96
What is the alveolar pressure in expiration?
762 mmHg
97
Expiration is a _____ process
passive
98
during forceful breathing, internal intercostals, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, & rectus abdominis contract to move the lower ribs downward and compress the abdominal viscera
Expiration
99
the process of measuring the volume of air that moves into & out of the respiratory system
spirometry
100
provides information about the health of the lungs
spirometry
101
the device used in spirometry
spirometer
102
the amount of air involved in one normal inhalation & exhalation
tidal volume
500 mL
103
_____ of tidal volume stays in the respiratory passages which is termed as _______
30%
anatomic dead space
104
the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in 1 minute
Minute respiratory volume
105
What is the average range of minute respiratory volume?
12 to 20 minute
106
the amount of air, beyond tidal volume, that can be taken in with the deepest possible inhalation.
inspiratory reserve volume
average 2,000 - 3,000
107
the amount of air, beyond tidal volume, that can be expelled with the most forceful exhalation.
expiratory reserve volume
108
is the sum of the tidal, inspiratory reserve & expiratory reserve volumes
vital capacity
109
is the amount of air involved in the deepest inhalation followed by the most forceful exhalation
vitalmcapacity
average 3,5000- 5,000
110
is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful exhalation
residual volume
111
the unit of measurement used for the
concentration of a gas
partial pressure
112
refers to the partial pressure of O2 in alveolar air, blood or interstitial fluid
paO2
113
refers to the partial pressure of CO2 in alveolar air, blood or interstitial fluid
paCO2
114
during the external respiration, the exchange of gases is in?
alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
115
Where is the exchange of gases during the internal respiration?
systemic capillaries and tissues
116
External respiration is also called
pulmonary gas exchange
117
O2 & hemoglobin bind in an easily
reversible reaction to form
oxyhemoglobin
118
O2 is released from hemoglobin when
there is low paO2 and high paCO2 in the tissues
acidic environment
temperatures are high
119
in carbon dioxide transport 23% is bound to hemoglobin as
carbaminohemoglobin
120
the enzyme that drives the formation of carbonic acid
carbonic anhydraseb
121
carbonic acid disassociates into
hydrogen ions and HCO3-
122
HCO3- moves out into the blood plasma &
transported to the
pulmonary capillaries
123
At the pulmonary capillaries, the carbon dioxide is:
dissolved in plasma then diffuses into alveolar air
combined with hemoglobin splits and diffuses into the alveoli
124
areas from which nerve impulses are
sent to the respiratory muscles
respiratory centers
125
respiratory centers are located in the _________
medulla and pons
126
establishes the basic rhythm of
breathing
inspiratory center
127
automatically generates impulses in rhythmic spurts
inspiratory center
128
depress the inspiration center which helps prevent overinflation of the lungs
hering-breuer inflation reflex
129
impulses cause the contraction of the internal intercostals & abdominal muscles, which decreases the size of the thoracic cavity causing forceful exhalation
expiratory center
130
sends inhibitory nerve impulses to the inspiratory area, limiting inhalation & facilitating exhalation
located in the upper pons
pneumotaxic area
131
sends impulses to the inspiratory area that activate it and prolong inhalation
located in the lower pons
apneustic area
132
this allows emotional stimuli to alter respirations
hypothalamus and limbic system
133
are receptors that detect changes in
blood gases and pH
chemoreceptors
134
chemoreceptors send sensory input to the ______ and alter respiration
medulla
135
respond to changes in H+ level or paCO2 or both, in cerebrospinal fluid
central chemoreceptors
136
peripheral chemoreceptors are located within _______ and ________
aortic arch and common carotid arteries
137
sensitive to changes in paO2, H+ & paCO2 in the blood
peripheral chemoreceptors
138
refers to thenflow of air into and out of the lungs
ventilation
139
is gas exchange bet. the alveoli & the blood in pulmonary capillaries
external respiration
140
is gas exchange bet. the tissue cells & the blood in the systemic capillaries
internal respiration
141
filter, warm, & moisten air and conduct it into the lungs
conducting zone
142
consists of tubes & tissues within the lungs where actual gas exchange occurs
respiratory zone
143
what is in respiratory zone?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
144
consists of bone & cartilage covered with skin & lined with mucous membrane
external portion
145
is continuous with the pharynx posteriorly
internal portion
146
nasal cavity its roof is the ___ and its floor is the ____
ethmoid
hard palate
147
cilia move the contaminated mucus toward the pharynx, where it is spitted out or swallowed & destroyed by the stomach’s digestive juices
respiratory mucosa
148
mucus secreted by the _______ moisten the inspired air & filter it by trapping foreign debris
goblet cells
149
houses the olfactory receptors
olfactory mucosa
150
main function is to increase surface area & air turbulence to effectively warm, moisten & filter inspired air
nasal conchae
151
what are the functions of pharynx?
passageway, resonating chambers, houses the tonsils
