Respiratory System Flashcards
the external opening into the nasal cavity
external nares
lies posterior to the nasal cavity & extends to the ______
- nasopharynx
2.soft palate
Nasopharynx houses the?
pharyngeal tonsils or adenoid
How many openings does nasopharynx have?
5
2- internal nares
2 openings to eustachian tube
1-oropharynx
receives air from the nasal cavity along w/ contaminated mucus
nasopharynx
Respiratory mucosa and nasopharynx consists of?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epith
Oropharynx contains?
2 palatine and 2 lingual tonsils
connects with both the esophagus (where food & drink enters) and the larynx (where air enters)
laryngopharynx
often called the voice box
larynx
larynx connects with pharynx and ?
trachea
short tube of cartilage lined by mucous membrane
larynx
the largest of the laryngeal cartilages forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is called the Adam’s apple
thyroid cartilage
forms the inferior wall of larynx
cricoid cartilage
is the landmark for making an emergency airway called a tracheostomy
cricoid cartilage
emergency airway?
tracheostomy
is a leaf-like flap of cartilage w/c protects the superior opening of the larynx
epiglottis
the “guardian of the airways”
epiglottis
vocal folds is also called?
true vocal cords
a pair of tissue folds which aid in the creation of sound
vocal folds
greater _____ produces louder sound
pressure
controls the pitch of the sounds
tension in the vocal folds
high tension: high ______
pitch
men have _____ &_____ longer vocal cords thus have lower voice pitch
thicker and longer
what innervates the muscles attached to the larynx for speaking
Cranial X: Vagus Nerve
the slit-like passageway between the vocal folds
glottis
vestibular folds is also called as ?
false vocal cords
TRUE OR FALSE: vestibular folds is involved in producing sound.
FALSE
its movement, along w/ the vocal folds, regulates the flow of air into & out of the glottis
vestibular folds
is the main airway to enter the lungs
trachea
trachea is also called
windpipe
trachea is located _____ to the esophagus
anterior
extends from the larynx to the _______where it divides into right & left primary bronchi
upper part of T5
Trachea is lined with _______
mucous membrane
Trachea’s mucous membrane consist of _______
ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
its cartilage layer consists of _______of cartilage stocked one on top of another
c-shaped rings
are branches of the trachea that enter the lungs; similar to the trachea in structure
left and right primary bronchi
The right primary bronchus is more ___ than left
VErtical
WIder
SHorter
the internal ridge at the point where the trachea divides into right & left primary bronchi
carina
2 left & 3 right branches of the primary bronchi leading to the lobes of each lung
secondary bronchi
divide several times giving rise to smaller bronchioles
tertiary bronchi
refers to the further branching of the
bronchi
bronchial tree
structural changes occur as the branching becomes ______: the amount of cartilage ______& the amount of smooth muscle ______
extensive
decreases
increases
influenced by the autonomic nervous
system
smooth muscle
when the smooth muscle is contracted?
bronchoconstriction
when the smooth muscle is relaxed?
bronchodilation
are smaller tubes that branch from tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
TRUE OR FALSE: bronchioles have no cartilage present in their walls and is only supported by smooth muscle
TRUE
are microscopic & are the smallest of the bronchioles w/c terminate into the respiratory zone structures
terminal bronchioles
lungs extend from the _____ to slightly above the _____
diaphragm to clavicles
are spongy, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity
lungs
lungs is protected by the
rib cage
a double-layered serous membrane that encloses & protects each lung
pleura
the outer layer attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity & diaphragm
parietal pleura
the inner layer directly attached to the lungs
visceral pleura
the narrow space between the 2 pleurae containing pleural fluid secreted by the membranes
pleural cavity
a slippery, lubricating serous fluid which prevents friction & keeps the pleurae together during breathing
pleural fluid
the broad inferior portion of the lungs w/c rests on the diaphragm
base
the narrow superior portion of the lungs w/c is located just deep to the ____
- apex
- clavicle
the indentation in the left lung, where the heart lies
cardiac notch
divides the left lung into superior & inferior lobes
oblique fissure
divide the right lung into superior, middle, & inferior lobes
oblique and horizontal fissures
an indentation on the medial surface of each lung, where the primary bronchus & the pulmonary artery & veins enter the lung
hilus
are microscopic tubes which branch out from the terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
branch out from the respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar ducts are surrounded by?
alveoli
are arranged in sacs w/c are surrounded by a network of pulmonary capillaries
alveoli
the functional unit of the lungs
alveoli
What are the alveolar cells?
Alveolar type I cells
Alveolar type II cells
Alveolar macrophages
Alveolar type I cells is also called
Type I pneumocytes
most abundant alveolar cells
Alveolar type I cells
are simple squamous epithelial cells w/c make up the walls of alveoli
alveolar type I cells
help form the respiratory membrane w/c is the main site for gas exchange
alveolar type I cells
are cuboidal epithelial cells w/c secrete alveolar fluid that coats & keeps the surface between the cells & the air moist
alveolar type II cells
a detergent-like substance that reduces surface tension within the alveoli; without this, the inner walls of an alveolus would stick together during exhalation
surfactant
are phagocytes that remove foreign material from the alveolar spaces that may not have been swept out by the ciliated epithelium of the bronchial tree
alveolar macrophages
is the flow of air bet. the atmosphere & the alveoli of the lungs
pulmonary ventilation
flow of air will occur due to differences in
air pressure
in pulmonary ventilation, the air flows from the area of
higher pressure to the area of lower pressure
a person _____ when the pressure inside the lungs is less than the atmospheric air pressure
inhales
a person _____ out when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the atmospheric air pressure
exhales
Pulmonary ventilation operate by?
Boyle’s Law
the pressure of a gas is inversely related to its volume; so when the volume of a gas increases the pressure decreases, & vice versa.
boyle’s law
dome-shaped skeletal muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity
diaphragm
contracts when it receives nerve impulses from the
phrenic nerves
when it contracts, the dome _____ & _____ causing an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity
descends and flattens
when it relaxes, the dome raises, then the volume of the thoracic cavity is _____
decreases
when contracted, they pull the ribs upward & outward, further increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
external intercostals
when contracted, they pull the ribs downward & inward, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
internal intercostals
only come to play during deep, labored breathing
accessory muscles
Accessory muscles include?
sternocleidomastoid and abdominal muscles
During the inspiration, the ____ and ______ contract
diaphragm and external intercostals
during the inspiration, the ______ drops below atmospheric pressure
alveolar pressure
during the expiration, the diaphragm and external intercostals ______
relaxes
during the expiration, the ____________ organs recoil
chest, lungs, and abdominal organs
during the expiration, the the thoracic cavity contracts & its volume _____
decreases
What is the alveolar pressure in expiration?
762 mmHg
Expiration is a _____ process
passive
during forceful breathing, internal intercostals, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, & rectus abdominis contract to move the lower ribs downward and compress the abdominal viscera
Expiration
the process of measuring the volume of air that moves into & out of the respiratory system
spirometry
provides information about the health of the lungs
spirometry
the device used in spirometry
spirometer
the amount of air involved in one normal inhalation & exhalation
tidal volume
500 mL
_____ of tidal volume stays in the respiratory passages which is termed as _______
30%
anatomic dead space
the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in 1 minute
Minute respiratory volume
What is the average range of minute respiratory volume?
12 to 20 minute
the amount of air, beyond tidal volume, that can be taken in with the deepest possible inhalation.
inspiratory reserve volume
average 2,000 - 3,000
the amount of air, beyond tidal volume, that can be expelled with the most forceful exhalation.
expiratory reserve volume
is the sum of the tidal, inspiratory reserve & expiratory reserve volumes
vital capacity
is the amount of air involved in the deepest inhalation followed by the most forceful exhalation
vitalmcapacity
average 3,5000- 5,000
is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful exhalation
residual volume
the unit of measurement used for the
concentration of a gas
partial pressure
refers to the partial pressure of O2 in alveolar air, blood or interstitial fluid
paO2
refers to the partial pressure of CO2 in alveolar air, blood or interstitial fluid
paCO2
during the external respiration, the exchange of gases is in?
alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
Where is the exchange of gases during the internal respiration?
systemic capillaries and tissues
External respiration is also called
pulmonary gas exchange
O2 & hemoglobin bind in an easily
reversible reaction to form
oxyhemoglobin
O2 is released from hemoglobin when
there is low paO2 and high paCO2 in the tissues
acidic environment
temperatures are high
in carbon dioxide transport 23% is bound to hemoglobin as
carbaminohemoglobin
the enzyme that drives the formation of carbonic acid
carbonic anhydraseb
carbonic acid disassociates into
hydrogen ions and HCO3-
HCO3- moves out into the blood plasma &
transported to the
pulmonary capillaries
At the pulmonary capillaries, the carbon dioxide is:
dissolved in plasma then diffuses into alveolar air
combined with hemoglobin splits and diffuses into the alveoli
areas from which nerve impulses are
sent to the respiratory muscles
respiratory centers
respiratory centers are located in the _________
medulla and pons
establishes the basic rhythm of
breathing
inspiratory center
automatically generates impulses in rhythmic spurts
inspiratory center
depress the inspiration center which helps prevent overinflation of the lungs
hering-breuer inflation reflex
impulses cause the contraction of the internal intercostals & abdominal muscles, which decreases the size of the thoracic cavity causing forceful exhalation
expiratory center
sends inhibitory nerve impulses to the inspiratory area, limiting inhalation & facilitating exhalation
located in the upper pons
pneumotaxic area
sends impulses to the inspiratory area that activate it and prolong inhalation
located in the lower pons
apneustic area
this allows emotional stimuli to alter respirations
hypothalamus and limbic system
are receptors that detect changes in
blood gases and pH
chemoreceptors
chemoreceptors send sensory input to the ______ and alter respiration
medulla
respond to changes in H+ level or paCO2 or both, in cerebrospinal fluid
central chemoreceptors
peripheral chemoreceptors are located within _______ and ________
aortic arch and common carotid arteries
sensitive to changes in paO2, H+ & paCO2 in the blood
peripheral chemoreceptors
refers to thenflow of air into and out of the lungs
ventilation
is gas exchange bet. the alveoli & the blood in pulmonary capillaries
external respiration
is gas exchange bet. the tissue cells & the blood in the systemic capillaries
internal respiration
filter, warm, & moisten air and conduct it into the lungs
conducting zone
consists of tubes & tissues within the lungs where actual gas exchange occurs
respiratory zone
what is in respiratory zone?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
consists of bone & cartilage covered with skin & lined with mucous membrane
external portion
is continuous with the pharynx posteriorly
internal portion
nasal cavity its roof is the ___ and its floor is the ____
ethmoid
hard palate
cilia move the contaminated mucus toward the pharynx, where it is spitted out or swallowed & destroyed by the stomach’s digestive juices
respiratory mucosa
mucus secreted by the _______ moisten the inspired air & filter it by trapping foreign debris
goblet cells
houses the olfactory receptors
olfactory mucosa
main function is to increase surface area & air turbulence to effectively warm, moisten & filter inspired air
nasal conchae
what are the functions of pharynx?
passageway, resonating chambers, houses the tonsils
