Endocrine System Flashcards
thyroid gland is located inferior to the _____ and anterior and lateral to the _____
larynx ; trachea
narrow, central portion of thyroid gland dividing it into left & right lobes
isthmus
microscopic sacs that make up most of the gland
thyroid follicles
follicular cells in the walls of the follicles that secrete
T3- Triiodothyronine
T4 thyroxine
parafollicular cells produce?
calcitonin
T3 and T4 are produced from?
iodine
what is the stimulus of calcitonin?
hypercalcemia (humoral regulation)
calcitonin ____ osteoclast and _____ osteoblast
inhibits; promotes or stimulates
Parathyroid hormone is also called?
parathormone
What is the stimulus of parathyroid hormone? target organs?
hypocalcemia; osteoclast and kidney
active form of vitamin D
calcitriol
Parathyroid hormone stimulates kidneys to produce calcitriol , the active form of vitamin D which increases absorption of _______ from the _______
calcium and phosphate;
small intestine
Pancreas is a flattened organ located on LUQ of abdominal cavity, _____ to the stomach & in curve of the _____
posterior; duodenum
has both exocrine & endocrine functions
pancreas
the endocrine portion of the pancreas w/c contains 2 types of cells w/c produce hormones that regulate metabolism of glucose
islets of langerhans or pancreatic islets
glucagon is produced by ______
alpha cells
hat is the target organ of glucagon?
liver
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
glycogenolysis
conversion of fatty acids & excess amino acids into glucose
gluconeogenesis
produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets
insulin
insulin stimulates _____ of glucose into the
cells
diffusion
conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver cells & skeletal muscles
glycogenesis
adrenal glands is also called
suprarenal glands
what are the three zones of adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
aldosterone is a major ______ that is produced by zona glomerulosa
mineralocorticoid
what is the stimulus of aldosterone?
angiotensin II
what is the target organ of aldosterone?
kidney
most abundant glucocorticoid secreted by cells of zona fasciculata
cortisol
in high doses cortisol block ______ which depresses inflammatory responses
histamine
androgens are converted into
estrogen or testosterone
innervated by sympathetic division of ANS
adrenal medulla
produces the fight or flight response
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
ovaries are located in the
pelvic cavity
secreted by the follicle cells of
the ovary
estrogen
FSH: ______ LH: ______
estrogen ; progesterone and testosterone
progesterone are secreted by the _____ remnant of ovary follicles
corpus luteum
located in the scrotum
testes
secreted by the interstitial cells of the testicles
testosterone
small endocrine gland posterior to the thalamus
pineal gland
what is the hormone produced by the pineal gland?
melatonin
located posterior to the sternum, and superior to the heart
thymus
hormone produced by the thymus
thymosin
promotes maturation of T-cell lymphocytes
thymosin
involved in pain are made in response to tissue injury→ pain receptors become more sensitive to painful stimuli
prostaglandins
it is produced by the kidney that responds when the oxygen level is low in the blood
erythropoietin
What are the Gi tract hormones?
gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin
regulate digestive functions by influencing the activity of the stomach, intestines, liver, & pancreas.
GI hormone
produced by the heart wherein it acts when the blood volume is high. it lowers blood volume and pressure through excretion of Na+ from the kidneys
Atrial natriuretic peptide
produced by the placenta wherein it maintains pregnancy through continuous production of estrogen and progesterone
human chorionic gonadotropins
the hormone tested during a pregnancy test
human chorionic gonadotropin
maintains normal growth & development together w/ GH
T3 and T4
increases excretion of phosphate from the kidneys
parathyroid hormone
what are the specific action of glucagon?
glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
What are the specific actions of insulin?
glycogenesis and diffusion of glucose in the cells
increases K+ excretion by the kidneys
aldosterone
active in prolonged period of stress
cortisol
what is the response of cortisol?
gluconeogenesis.to increase blood glucose level
keeps blood glucose levels high enough to support brain’s activities
cortisol
what stimulates the release of Corticotropin releasing hormone in hypothalamus?
physiologic stress
suppresses immune system by inhibiting WBCs
cortisol
stimulate growth of axillary & pubic hair in males & females
androgens
When there is too much cortisol in the body, what disease you might acquire?
Cushing syndrome
female secondary sex characteristics
estrogen
The secretion of melatonin is ____ when it is dark and ____ when there is light
high, low
stimulates the onset of sleep
pineal gland
