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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

thyroid gland is located inferior to the _____ and anterior and lateral to the _____

A

larynx ; trachea

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2
Q

narrow, central portion of thyroid gland dividing it into left & right lobes

A

isthmus

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3
Q

microscopic sacs that make up most of the gland

A

thyroid follicles

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4
Q

follicular cells in the walls of the follicles that secrete

A

T3- Triiodothyronine
T4 thyroxine

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5
Q

parafollicular cells produce?

A

calcitonin

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6
Q

T3 and T4 are produced from?

A

iodine

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7
Q

what is the stimulus of calcitonin?

A

hypercalcemia (humoral regulation)

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8
Q

calcitonin ____ osteoclast and _____ osteoblast

A

inhibits; promotes or stimulates

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9
Q

Parathyroid hormone is also called?

A

parathormone

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10
Q

What is the stimulus of parathyroid hormone? target organs?

A

hypocalcemia; osteoclast and kidney

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11
Q

active form of vitamin D

A

calcitriol

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12
Q

Parathyroid hormone stimulates kidneys to produce calcitriol , the active form of vitamin D which increases absorption of _______ from the _______

A

calcium and phosphate;

small intestine

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13
Q

Pancreas is a flattened organ located on LUQ of abdominal cavity, _____ to the stomach & in curve of the _____

A

posterior; duodenum

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14
Q

has both exocrine & endocrine functions

A

pancreas

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15
Q

the endocrine portion of the pancreas w/c contains 2 types of cells w/c produce hormones that regulate metabolism of glucose

A

islets of langerhans or pancreatic islets

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16
Q

glucagon is produced by ______

A

alpha cells

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17
Q

hat is the target organ of glucagon?

A

liver

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18
Q

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

A

glycogenolysis

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19
Q

conversion of fatty acids & excess amino acids into glucose

A

gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets

A

insulin

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21
Q

insulin stimulates _____ of glucose into the
cells

A

diffusion

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22
Q

conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver cells & skeletal muscles

A

glycogenesis

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23
Q

adrenal glands is also called

A

suprarenal glands

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24
Q

what are the three zones of adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

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25
Q

aldosterone is a major ______ that is produced by zona glomerulosa

A

mineralocorticoid

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26
Q

what is the stimulus of aldosterone?

A

angiotensin II

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27
Q

what is the target organ of aldosterone?

A

kidney

28
Q

most abundant glucocorticoid secreted by cells of zona fasciculata

A

cortisol

29
Q

in high doses cortisol block ______ which depresses inflammatory responses

A

histamine

30
Q

androgens are converted into

A

estrogen or testosterone

31
Q

innervated by sympathetic division of ANS

A

adrenal medulla

32
Q

produces the fight or flight response

A

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

33
Q

ovaries are located in the

A

pelvic cavity

34
Q

secreted by the follicle cells of
the ovary

A

estrogen

35
Q

FSH: ______ LH: ______

A

estrogen ; progesterone and testosterone

36
Q

progesterone are secreted by the _____ remnant of ovary follicles

A

corpus luteum

37
Q

located in the scrotum

A

testes

38
Q

secreted by the interstitial cells of the testicles

A

testosterone

39
Q

small endocrine gland posterior to the thalamus

A

pineal gland

40
Q

what is the hormone produced by the pineal gland?

A

melatonin

41
Q

located posterior to the sternum, and superior to the heart

A

thymus

42
Q

hormone produced by the thymus

A

thymosin

43
Q

promotes maturation of T-cell lymphocytes

A

thymosin

44
Q

involved in pain are made in response to tissue injury→ pain receptors become more sensitive to painful stimuli

A

prostaglandins

45
Q

it is produced by the kidney that responds when the oxygen level is low in the blood

A

erythropoietin

46
Q

What are the Gi tract hormones?

A

gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin

47
Q

regulate digestive functions by influencing the activity of the stomach, intestines, liver, & pancreas.

A

GI hormone

48
Q

produced by the heart wherein it acts when the blood volume is high. it lowers blood volume and pressure through excretion of Na+ from the kidneys

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

49
Q

produced by the placenta wherein it maintains pregnancy through continuous production of estrogen and progesterone

A

human chorionic gonadotropins

50
Q

the hormone tested during a pregnancy test

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

51
Q

maintains normal growth & development together w/ GH

A

T3 and T4

52
Q

increases excretion of phosphate from the kidneys

A

parathyroid hormone

53
Q

what are the specific action of glucagon?

A

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

54
Q

What are the specific actions of insulin?

A

glycogenesis and diffusion of glucose in the cells

55
Q

increases K+ excretion by the kidneys

A

aldosterone

56
Q

active in prolonged period of stress

A

cortisol

57
Q

what is the response of cortisol?

A

gluconeogenesis.to increase blood glucose level

58
Q

keeps blood glucose levels high enough to support brain’s activities

A

cortisol

59
Q

what stimulates the release of Corticotropin releasing hormone in hypothalamus?

A

physiologic stress

60
Q

suppresses immune system by inhibiting WBCs

A

cortisol

61
Q

stimulate growth of axillary & pubic hair in males & females

A

androgens

62
Q

When there is too much cortisol in the body, what disease you might acquire?

A

Cushing syndrome

63
Q

female secondary sex characteristics

A

estrogen

64
Q

The secretion of melatonin is ____ when it is dark and ____ when there is light

A

high, low

65
Q

stimulates the onset of sleep

A

pineal gland

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (11 decks)

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