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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Cardiovascular (Heart) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular (Heart) Flashcards

1
Q

carries blood to &
from the lungs

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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2
Q

carries blood to &
from the diff. body tissues except the lungs

A

Systemic Circulation

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3
Q

What is the size if the heart?

A

clenched fist

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4
Q

Location of the heart?

A

Mediastinum

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5
Q

the pointed end of
the heart which rests on the diaphragm & is directed anteriorly, inferiorly & to the left

A

apex

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6
Q

the uppermost,
broad, posterior surface of the heart

A

base

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7
Q

a triple-layered sac w/c
surrounds & protects the heart

A

pericardium

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8
Q

What are the two types of pericardium?

A

Fibrous and serous

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9
Q

the superficial, outer layer w/c
directly attaches to the diaphragm is made of strong fibrous connective tissue

A

fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

its keeps the heart from overstretching or overfilling with blood & holds the heart in place at the mediastinum

A

fibrous pericardium

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11
Q

a double-layered membrane sandwiched bet. the fibrous pericardium & the heart

A

serous pericardium

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12
Q

outer layer that adheres to the inner surface of
the fibrous pericardium

A

parietal pericardium

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13
Q

it is also called epicardium

A

visceral pericardium

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14
Q

considered part of the heart wall
adheres tightly to the surface of the heart

A

visceral pericardium

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15
Q

the space bet. the parietal & visceral pericardium

A

pericardium cavity

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16
Q

the serous fluid produced by the epithelial cells of the serous pericardium w/c prevents friction as the heart beats

A

pericardial fluid

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17
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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18
Q

contains blood vessels that supply the myocardium

A

epicardium

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19
Q

What connective tissue covers the epicardium?

A

adipose tissue

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20
Q

the middle, muscular layer w/c forms the bulk (95%) of the heart wall and is responsible for the pumping action of the heart

A

myocardium

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21
Q

What tissue is endocardium made up of?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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22
Q

provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart & covers the valves of the heart

A

endocardium

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23
Q

is continuous with the endothelial lining of the large blood vessels attached to the heart

A

endocardium

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24
Q

What is the tissue that makes up the heart’s myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle

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25
Q

cardiac muscle- its _______ have the same arrangement of actin & myosin myofilaments & Z lines as skeletal muscle

A

muscle fibers

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26
Q

Cardiac muscle, unlike skeletal muscle, its fibers are not cylindrical but are arranged in?

A

latticework

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27
Q

are irregular transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma that connect the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to one another

A

intercalated disk

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28
Q

are highly folded to increase contact between cells thereby preventing them from pulling apart

A

intercalated disk

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29
Q

causes a release of Ca++ in the sarcoplasm, then the sliding of myofilaments w/c leads to contraction

A

depolariza

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30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cardiac muscle tissue has single, centrally located nucleus and is striated?

A

TRUE

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31
Q

Cardiac muscle is primarily dependent on what respiration?

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

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32
Q

the ability to contract in response to its own pacemaker cells that initiate an impulse spontaneously & repetitively even w/o external neurohormonal control

A

autorhythmicity

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33
Q

cardiac muscle is innervated by the autonomic nervous system which controls its?

A

rate of contraction

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34
Q

the cardiac cells are so interconnected that when one of these cells becomes excited, the action potential spreads to all of them, to the

A

latticework interconnections

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35
Q

Cardiac muscle is organized in?

A

spiral sheets or bundles

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36
Q

refers to the contraction of a heart chamber during depolarization of the myocardium

A

systole

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37
Q

during systole, the heart chamber is ________ & its contents emptied due to high pressure from the contraction

A

squeezed

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38
Q

refers to the relaxation of a heart chamber during repolarization of the myocardium

A

diastole

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39
Q

during diastole, the heart chamber _______ as a result of low pressure in the chamber

A

fills with blood

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40
Q

refers to enlargement or increase in muscle mass as a result of increased workload

A

hyperthrophy

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41
Q

the two superior receiving/collecting chambers of the heart

A

rught and left atrium

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42
Q

the hormone produced by the cells of the atria

A

Atrial Natriuretic peptide

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43
Q

What is the stimulus of the ANP hormone?

A

stretching of atrial walls, high blood volume and BP

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44
Q

What is the effect of ANP hormone?

A

it increases sodium excretion in the kidney to decrease the BP and blood volume

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45
Q

the thin partition between the right &
left atria

A

interatrial septum

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46
Q

an oval depression on the interatrial septum which is the remnant of the foramen ovale

A

fossa ovalis

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47
Q

an opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart that normally closes soon after birth

A

foramen ovale

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48
Q

the pumps that eject blood into the
arteries

A

ventricles

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49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The walls of the atria is thicker than the walls of the ventricles.

A

FALSE

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50
Q

Right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium & pumps it into the lungs (pulmonary circulation) through the __________

A

pulmonary arteries

51
Q

TRACE: Venae Cavae, coronary sinus —> right atrium —> tricuspid valve —> right ventricle —> ________—> pulmonary trunk —> pulmonary artery

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

52
Q

the partition between the right & left ventricles

A

interventricular septum

53
Q

receives de-oxygenated blood from areas above the heart & empty it to the right atrium

A

superior vena cava

54
Q

four (4) veins that carry oxygenated
blood from the lungs to the left atrium

A

pulmonary veins

55
Q

brings de-oxygenated blood mostly from the parts below the heart to the right atrium

A

inferior vena cava

56
Q

exits from the right ventricle and splits to give rise to the two (2) pulmonary arteries

A

pulmonary trunk

57
Q

the only artery w/c carries oxygen-poor blood

A

pulmonary artery

58
Q

exits from the left ventricle & carries oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation

A

aorta

59
Q

the remnant of the ductus arteriosus

A

ligamentum arteriosum

60
Q

a temporary blood vessel in the fetal circulation w/c shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta; it normally closes shortly after birth

A

ductus arteriosus

61
Q

ensure the one-way flow of blood by opening to let blood through and then closing to prevent its regurgitation or backflow

A

valves of the heart

62
Q

flaps of endocardium reinforced by cores of dense connective tissue

A

cusps or leaflets

63
Q

_______ in the heart chambers cause these cusps to open & close

A

pressure changes

64
Q

prevents backflow of blood from left ventricle into left atrium during ventricular contraction

A

bicuspid valve or mitral valve

65
Q

prevents backflow of blood from right ventricle into right atrium during ventricular contraction

A

tricuspid valve

66
Q

during _______, high pressure in the atria causes both valves to open and blood from the atria flows to the ventricles

A

atrial contraction

67
Q

tendonlike cords where the cusps of the AV valves are connected

A

cordae tendineae

68
Q

the structures where the chordae tendineae are anchored

A

papillary muscles

69
Q

operation of the AV valves:

ventricles relax→papillary muscles relax→_________→AV valve leaflets open

A

chordae tendineae slack

70
Q

ventricles contract—> _______→chordae tendineae tighten→AV valve leaflets close

A

papillary muscles contract

71
Q

are located at the base of the large blood vessels carrying blood away from the ventricles

A

semilunar valves

72
Q

prevents backflow of blood from pulmonary trunk into right ventricle during ventricular relaxation

A

pulmonary valve

73
Q

prevents backflow of blood from aorta into left ventricle during ventricular relaxation

A

aortic valve

74
Q

operation of the semilunar valves:

during ventricular contraction, ______in the ventricles causes both valves to open & blood flows from ventricles to the pulmonary & systemic circulation

A

high pressure

75
Q

the characteristic “lub-dup” sound of the heart w/c can be heard using a stethoscope

A

heart sound

76
Q

Heart sounds is due to the closure of the _____?

A

heart valves

77
Q

The lub sound due to the closure of atrioventricular valves

A

S1 heart sound

78
Q

the dup sound due to the closure of the semilunar valves

A

S2 heart sound

79
Q

From the pulmonary arteries, blood enters the capillaries associated with the _____ (microscopic air sacs) of the lungs.

A

alveoli

80
Q

Gases are exchanged between blood in the _____ (carbon dioxide or CO2) and air in the alveoli.

A

capillaries

81
Q

the network of blood vessels that carry blood to & from the myocardium

A

coronary circulation

82
Q

carry oxygenated blood to the
myocardium

A

coronary arteries

83
Q

coronary arteries are _____ when the ventricles are contracting & fill when the ventricles are relaxed

A

compressed

84
Q

branch into smaller arteries & arterioles, then to capillaries which diffuse O2 & nutrients to the myocardium

A

coronary arteries

85
Q

supply blood to the left atrium, most of the left ventricle & part of the right anterior ventricle

A

left coronary artery

86
Q

What are the two main branches of left atrium?

A

left anterior descending artery
circumflex artery

87
Q

has smaller branches that supply blood to the right atrium, most of the right ventricle & part of the left posterior ventricle

A

right coronary artery

88
Q

drain blood that has passed through
myocardial capillaries

A

coronary veins

89
Q

carry CO2 & waste products from the myocardium

A

coronary veins

90
Q

an enlarged vein on the heart’s posterior surface

A

coronary sinus

91
Q

consists of a period of relaxation called DIASTOLE, during which the heart fills with blood then followed by a period of contraction known as SYSTOLE.

A

cardiac cycle

92
Q

TRACE the cardiac cycle

A

Atria and ventricles relax (diastole —> Atria contracts (atrial systole) —> ventricles contract (ventricular systole

93
Q

a sequence of mechanical events that is regulated by the electrical activity of the heart which begins with nerve impulses generated by the heart’s pacemaker cells & these impulses are propagated along the _________

A

cardiac conduction pathway

94
Q

What generates nerve impulses in the heart?

A

pacemaker cells

95
Q

a specialized group of cardiac muscle cells located in the wall of the right atrium just below the opening of the superior vena cava where heart’s electrical activity begins

A

Sinoatrial node

96
Q

it has the highest rate of depolarization in the whole pathway, it starts each heartbeat & sets the pace for the whole heart

A

Sinoatrial node

97
Q

located at the junction between atria & ventricles

A

atrioventricular node

98
Q

where impulses from the AV node travel to

A

atroventricular bundle or bundle of his

99
Q

where impulses from the bundle of His travel to

A

right and left bundle branches

100
Q

spread the action potential within the myocardium of the ventricle walls causing ventricular depolarization, resulting in ventricular systole

A

Purkinje fibers

101
Q

is a recording of the electrical changes in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle

A

electrocardiogram

102
Q

What wave reflects atrial depolarization?

A

P wave

103
Q

a series of waves which reflect
ventricular depolarization

A

QRS complex

104
Q

what wave reflects venticular repolarization?

A

T wave

105
Q

ventricular repolarization begins at the ____ and progresses superiorly

A

apex

106
Q

refers to the volume of blood ejected per minute from the left ventricle to the aorta

A

cardiac output

107
Q

the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle during each contraction

A

stroke volume

108
Q

What is the average bpm of the adult?

A

60 - 100 bpm

109
Q

the number of heartbeats per minute

A

heart rate

110
Q

refers to the degree of stretch in the ventricle before contraction

A

Preload

111
Q

What law states this: the more the cardiac muscle fibers are stretched, the more forcefully they contract?

A

Frank Starling’s law of the heart

112
Q

^ venous return or blood flow into the heart (e.g. during exercise) → ______→ ^stroke volume & cardiac output

A

high preload

113
Q

refers to the amount of
resistance that the ventricles need to overcome to eject blood out of the heart

A

Afterload

114
Q

if high afterload (e.g. narrowed aortic valves )—> _____ stroke volume & cardiac output

A

low

115
Q

are sensory receptors located in carotid sinus & aortic arch w/c sense changes in BP and send signals to the brain via CN IX & X.

A

baroreceptors

116
Q

sense changes in the O2 & CO2 content of blood & also send signals to the brain via CN IX & X

A

chemoreceptors

117
Q

area of the brain stem which contains 2 cardiac centers: the accelerator & inhibitory centers

A

medulla oblongata

118
Q

sends impulses along parasympathetic nerves, mainly the vagus nerve → acetylcholine  heart rate

A

inhibitory center

119
Q

sends impulses along sympathetic nerves→norepinephrine & epinephrineheart rate & force of contraction

A

accelerator center

120
Q

low BP, high blood CO2 and low blood O2?

A

increase in heart rate

121
Q

If the temperature is high what receptor senses the change and directs the actions?

A

chemoreceptors

122
Q

increased levels of these hormones increase metabolism & thereby heart rate

A

T3 and T4

123
Q

heart rate of < 60 bpm

A

bradycardia

124
Q

heart rate of > 100 bpm

A

tachycardia

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (11 decks)

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